Determinants of Dignity From Normative to Quantitative Essay Example

Determinants of Dignity: From Normative to Quantitative Essay Research Proposal Determinants of Dignity: From Normative to Quantitative Introduction Human self-respect is being progressively used, non merely in the vocabulary of society, but besides as a critical aspiration in the political discourse. Given the indispensableness of self-respect to taking a liveable’ life, this Research Proposal intends to determine the public policy determiners of self-respect, at the macro degree and its contextual socio-political elements, at the micro degree, and their interplay that determines results. We will write a custom essay sample on Determinants of Dignity: From Normative to Quantitative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Determinants of Dignity: From Normative to Quantitative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Determinants of Dignity: From Normative to Quantitative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Though self-respect has been theoretically analysed, extensively in literature, its empirical footing has non been sufficiently explored, in India. Furthermore, entitlements have been approached from a factual point of position but the theoretical relationship between self-respect, entitlements and socio-political procedures, has barely been explored and studied. It is in these spreads that the proposed survey situates itself and intends to prove self-respect through empirical observation by associating it with the operational model of entitlements and its realisation through socio-political procedures. Model of the Proposed Research The current development discourse in India is based on a model of rights and authorization, which is more frequently than non equated with entitlements and does non needfully raise the construct of self-respect. Entitlements are treated as an terminal in themselves. Shouldn’t self-respect, an intrinsic characteristic of human being, be an terminal and entree to entitlements, a procedure? Can entree to entitlements really lead to dignity? This probe can be carried out by the rational tools provided by economic sciences, sociology and political scientific discipline. Given this context, the intended research survey begins with an premise that public policy can continue human self-respect and hypothesizes that self-respect heightening policies are possible through procedures which can interpret entitlements into self-respect. Therefore, the meta inquiry that this proposed research explores is to analyze the political government political orientation of the province, economic arc hitecture, institutional agreements and their interaction with socio-political procedures – that actualises self-respect. Why Dignity? From Greek and Roman Stoics to Sophocles’ Antigone, from Aristotelean tradition to the moorages of the spiritual texts of Judaism, Christianity and Islam ( Iglesias, 2001 ) , the philosophy of self-respect, which is by and large understood as a universal value which applies to all human beings’ inherent and intrinsic worth, has found reference in a spectrum of kingdom. Kantian impression of self-respect is embedded in the module of ground, to move morally and is interlinked with the intervention of worlds as terminals in themselves. This position forms the footing for the current human rights tradition, [ 1 ] which establishes self-respect as non-negotiable worth of human individual. Barbara Misztal [ 2 ] ( 2012 ) goes one measure further and asserts that Honneth’s thought that self-respect and unity are important dimensions of the finding of justness, Margaret’s prerequisites for a nice society and Sennet’s call for re-vitalisation of the thought o f regard are efforts to undo the disintegration of societal bonds and solidarity, indicating implicitly or explicitly to esteem for human dignity,underscoring the pervasiveness of self-respect in assorted spheres. Lack of self-respect can hold several touchable and intangible manifestations. The former can be related to the kineticss of poorness, gender force, et Al and the latter pertain to non-recognition of a societal individuality, humiliation, unavailability of public sphere, etc. The capableness theorists [ 3 ] provide the conceptual setup that provides the critical nexus between the intrinsic value of self-respect and the development discourse. Therefore, the realization of self-respect becomes non merely a normative terminal, but besides a public policy necessity, imparting legitimacy to a democratic province. The centrality of self-respect to public policy discourse, therefore, resounds in the basicss of public policy idiom, where the impressions of freedom, societal justness, democracy and equality cease to be merely moral and teleological ends and go touchable policy concerns. The suggested survey takes off from this peculiar position of self-respect as an entitlement in itself and farther expressions at other entitlements, both touchable and intangible, which are pertinent for its materialization. It considers entitlements as a procedure, taking to self-respect, which is detailed below: Determining Dignity: Unbundling Procedures Beginnings of Entitlements In the current political and economic context, markets and province are the two likely beginnings for creative activity of entitlements, [ 4 ] which can either separately or by their interplay lead to materialization of entitlements. Since there is no proficient, moral or legal ground for markets to run into and fulfill human demands and aspirations, the State does necessitate to put a model of entitlements, derived from the normative fundamental of self-respect, so as to guarantee just equality of chance for cosmopolitan entree to its citizens. In cases where the State can non supply entitlements straight, it must build conditions, wherein each citizen is able to take part in the market and gain plenty to make entitlements for herself. Public Policy Determinants Public policy, which pertains to societal technology, must make procedures and appropriate societal and institutional agreements to act upon and continue the self-respect of citizens. In the public policy context, self-respect can be translated into pattern through the practice of making and prolonging entitlement. This is because there are certain primary entitlements ( for case, instruction, lodging ) which non merely assist people take a life of self-respect but besides guarantee that they have the necessary capablenesss to map, in conformity with their intrinsic value. In fact, a normative model of self-respect can merely be realised through the operational human body of entitlements, centred on the societal and democratic values of freedom, equity and justness. Traveling Beyond Entitlements Merely entitlements are non sufficient for the realization of human self-respect. Although, the two constructs are inherently linked and set uping the function of entitlements is an of import measure in developing an enriched policy model for self-respect, human self-respect does non connote entitlements. Entitlements create a infinite within which persons can take at least minimally worthwhile lives that allow them to keep a basic sense of self-respect, but the existent interlingual rendition of entree to entitlements into self-respect requires societal and political staging. This is because public policy when implemented interacts with contextual socio-political procedures. This interplay leads to common reshaping of both, the policy every bit good as the procedures. Therefore, the chief and associated variables of this procedure of materialization of self-respect must be unbundled, which might or might non be knowing results of public policies. Therefore, in order to understand th e determiners of self-respect, it is imperative to understand self-respect as a map of public policy every bit good as these procedures. With this in order, the proposed research moves beyond a additive relationship between entitlements and self-respect and brings within its horizon the contextual variables of the realization of self-respect. Therefore, the basis of this research would non merely be quantification of human self-respect through entitlements, as created by markets and province, but besides its operationalization through socio-political procedures. Deploying the Model: Components of the Study The proposed Research, which aims to engageTheory, Policy and Practice, encompasses the undermentioned constituents: Status Study,by quantifying and mapping entree to resource entitlements which can be taken as indispensable for dignified life. The proxy indexs for experiential self-respect will be entree to basic family comfortss ( proper lodging, electricity, H2O and sanitation ) for India at the territory, province and national degree by utilizing informations from Census 2011, as per Space ( Urban/Rural ) and Social Groupings ( General + OBCs, SCs and STs ) . Determining Public Policy Determinants of Access to Entitlements,by understanding the economic architecture, political orientation and institutional agreements required for materialization of entitlements. This would imply prosecuting in root-cause analysis by researching plausible grounds behind differential public presentations of geographical, spacial and societal units by looking at longitudinal macro informations ( Census 2011, 2001 and 1991 ) and developing relationships between entree, and economic, societal and political indexs. This quantitative analysis exercising would help in understanding the economic architecture and political orientation necessary for creative activity of entitlements, by explicating differential entree in the state. Understanding Socio-Political Procedures and Institutional Arrangements,which contribute to internalization of self-respect and unbundle it operationally, by carry oning an ethnographic analysis. Recommending Policy Architecture,embracing economic, societal every bit good as institutional constituents so as to build and implement self-respect continuing policies. Constructing a Robust Framework for Dignityby locating macro and micro informations within the model of self-respect, entitlement and socio-political procedures. Methodology The survey, which encompasses cross-sectional every bit good as longitudinal analyses, would try to reply the Research Questions by utilizing quantitative every bit good as qualitative research methods. Quantitative Analysis Databases Quantitative informations analysis would be undertaken by utilizing publicly available Indian Databases such as Census, National Family Health Survey, National Sample Survey, etc. Procedure Chiefly, Census would be used to set up the degree of self-respect as a manifestation of entree to household flat resources ( H2O, lavatories, electricity, proper lodging ) for 1991, 2001 and 2011 at District, State and National Level for Spatial ( Rural/Urban ) and Social ( General/SCs/STs ) categorizations. Adequate tools and statistical exercisings would be used to set up associations and causings so as to understand what successfully drove entree in certain parts of the state, what kind of conditions caused in-access in others and the comparative potency of assorted schemes. Datas from other databases and Reserve Bank of India’s publications would be used to carry on the 2nd degree of analysis by looking at States of India as units and set up relationships between entree and economic indexs such as Social Sector Expenditure of States, Per Capita State Domestic Product, Density of Roads, Gross saless Tax Collections, Commercial Electricity Connections and Number of Brank Branches, et Al. These economic indexs would be proxy indexs for economic public presentation of the State Governments and incursion of markets and would be used maintaining in head the rural and urban derived functions. Relationships to the agreement of X % of _____ ( say, growing ) leads to Y % alteration in Access to Amenities’ would be developed. In add-on to looking at the differential public presentations of assorted societal groups, an index of favoritism would be created. Fiscal Modeling Furthermore, fiscal modeling would be undertaken to measure the financess required to guarantee entree to every family. Policy costs, agreeableness wise, would be estimated. Researcher’s background in Finance would enable her to transport this out. Softwares Microsoft Excel, DIVA GIS and STATA would be used to analyze informations. Researcher’s preparation in Data Analysis Techniques as portion of her Master’s grade would assist her in carry oning such an analysis. Furthermore, this proposal takes on from the Researcher’s M.A Dissertation on Materialisation of Entitlements, thereby supplying a ready base, from which an even more luxuriant survey can be undertaken. Qualitative Analysis Political Analysis For political logical thinking, political governments would be analysed from the period of 1991-2011 in order to determine the comparative public presentations of national-level parties, regional parties and caste-based parties. Additionally, left of Centre and right of centre sets would be analysed to understand which dispositions translate into self-respect and better entree for citizens. Ethnographic Analysis To locate macro informations and set it into context and dig into the socio-political procedures which translate entitlements into self-respect, an ethnographic analysis would be undertaken in the best acting territory and worst executing territory, every bit far as entree is concerned. The ethnographic analysis would non merely help in associating the theoretical sense of self-respect and indignity to the existent sense of what people feel, but would besides help in understanding internalization and realization of self-respect, as dictated by contextual elements. Additionally, it would be important in developing and formalizing the model for looking at the niceties of the relationships between self-respect, entitlements and socio-political procedures. Policy Deductions Once the quantitative and qualitative analyses are over, the policy deductions of the full exercising would be looked into, in order to get at a model for developing shame cogent evidence and self-respect heightening policies. Existing Scholarly Publications Dignity Beitz, C. ( 2013 ) ,Human Dignity in the Theory of Human Rights: Nothing But a Phrase?, Volume 41, Issue 3, pp. 259–290 Chaparro, A. ( 2013 ) ,Confirming Dignity: Expressive Actions and Moral Wrongs Guru, G. ( Ed ) ( 2009 ) ,Humiliation, Oxford University Press Howard, R. and Donnelly, J. ( 1986 ) ,Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Political Regimes, The American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 801-817 Hughes, G. ( 2011 ) ,The Concept of Dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1-24 Iglesias, T. ( 2001 ) ,Bedrock Truths and the Dignity of the Individual,Sons: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture, pp 111–134 Kant, I. ( 1785 ) ,Anchoring for the Metaphysics of Morality,Translated, Ellington, J. ( 1981 ) , Hackett Kant, I. ( 1797 ) ,Metaphysicss of Ethical motives,Translated, Gregory, M. ( 1991 ) , Cambridge University Press Kateb, G. ( 2011 ) ,Human Dignity,Harvard University Press Kaufmann, P. , Kuch, H. , Neuhauser, C. and Webster, E. ( Ed. ) ( 2011 ) ,Humiliation, Degradation, Dehumanization,Springer Kolnai, A. ( 1976 ) ,Dignity,Doctrine, Vol. 51, No. 197, pp. 251-271 Lickiss, N. and Malpas, J. ( Ed ) ( 2007 ) ,Positions on Human Dignity: A Conversation,Springer Mattson, D. and Clark, S. ( 2011 ) ,Human self-respect in construct and pattern, Policy Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 303-319 Misztal, B. ( 2012 ) ,The Idea of Dignity: Its Modern Significance,European Journal of Social Theory, 16 ( 1 ) , pp 101–121 Rachels, J. ( 1986 ) ,Kantian Theory: The Idea of Human Dignity,The Elementss of Moral Philosophy, Random House, pp. 114-17,122-23 Shaoping, G. and Lin, Z ( 2009 ) ,Human Dignity as a Right,Frontiers of Philosophy in China, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 370-384 Stetson, B. ( 1998 ) ,Human Dignity and Contemporary Liberalism, Praeger Sulmasy, D. ( 2008 ) ,Dignity and Bioethicss,Human Dignity and Bioethics, Essays Commissioned by the President’s Council on Bioethicss Entitlements Chauffour, J. ( 2011 ) ,On the Relevance of Freedom and Entitlement in Development: New Empirical Evidence ( 1975–2007 ) ,Policy Research Paper, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, World Bank Goldman, A. ( 1976 ) ,The Entitlement Theory of Distributive Justice,The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 73, No. 21, pp. 823-835 Kaufman, A. ( 2004 ) ,The Myth of the Patterned Principle: Rawls, Nozick and Entitlements, Polity, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 559-578 Nayak, P. ( 1989 ) ,Nozick s Entitlement Theory and Distributive Justice,Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. PE2-PE5+PE7-PE8 Nussbaum, M. ( 2006 ) ,Frontiers of Justice, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press Rangasami, A. ( 1985 ) ,Failure of Exchange Entitlements Theory of Famine: A Response, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 20, No. 41, pp. 1747-1752 Sen, A. ( 1976 ) ,Dearths as Failures of Exchange Entitlements, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 11, No. 31/33, Particular Number: Population and Poverty, pp. 1273+1275+1277+1279-1280 Sen, A. ( 1981 ) ,Poverty and Dearths: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford, Clarendon Press Sen, A. ( 1989 ) ,Food and Freedom, World Development Sen, A. ( 1999 ) ,Development as freedom, Oxford University Press Super, D. ( 2004 ) ,The Political Economy of Entitlement,Columbia Law Review, Vol. 104, No. 3, pp. 633-729 Empirical Research, Methodology Delineation and Selection of Proxy Indexs Bhagat, R. ( 2011 ) ,Urbanization and Access to Basic Amenities in India,Urban India, Vol. 31, No. 1, January-June 2011 Dash, B. and Mukherjee, S. ( 2013 ) ,Does Political Competition Influence Human Development? : Evidence from the Indian States,Working Paper No. 2013-118, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi Duflo, E. , Sebastian G. and Mobarak M. ( 2012 ) ,Bettering Access to Urban Services for the Poor,Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab Harriss, J. ( 1999 ) ,Comparing Political Regimes across Indian States: A Preliminary Essay, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 34, No. 48, pp. 3367-3377 Kohli, A. ( 1983 ) ,Regime Types and Poverty Reform in India, Pacific Affairs, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 649-672 Kumar, A. ,Entree to Basic Amenities: Aspects of Caste, Ethnicity, Religion, Livelihood Categories and Poverty in Rural and Urban India during 1993 – 2008-09 Kumar, A. ( 2009 ) ,Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions within Regions, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 19, pp. 14-19 McKinsey Global Institute ( 2014 ) ,From Poverty to Empowerment: India’s Imperative for Jobs, Growth and Effective Basic Services,McKinsey A ; Company Mundle, S. , Chakraborty, P. , Chowdhury S. and Sikdar S. ( 2012 ) ,The Quality of Governance: How Have Indian States Performed? Saha, S. ( 2011 ) ,City-level analysis of the consequence of political governments on public good proviso,Public Choice, Vol. 147, No. 1/2, pp. 155-171 Sivaramakrishnan, K. ( 1969 ) ,Urban Housing: Challenge and Response,Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 4, No. 36 ( September 6, 1969 ) , pp. 1443-1445

Should You Really Get a Job as a Teen Why and Why Not

Should You Really Get a Job as a Teen Why and Why Not SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Getting your first job is really exciting - you have real-world responsibilities, and real-word money that you earned yourself, probably for the first time. In your teen years especially, the independence that comes with a part-time job is especially appealing. You get out of the house, meet new people, forge professional connections, and make your own savings and spending decisions. But you probably have a lot of other things on your plate as well: school, extracurricular activities, family, friends, even college applications. How do you know whether getting a job is a good idea? In this post, I’ll talk about the things you should consider before submitting those job applications. Hopefully you come away from this post with a better idea of whether getting a job is right for you. Why Do You Want to Get a Job as a Teenager? First, it’s important to consider your motivations for getting a job. Some motivations will lead to more productive and more valuable work experiences than others. Do you want to learn to develop good financial habits? Do you want to gain valuable real-world professional skills? Do you want to keep busy and try something new, especially during summer vacation? If you answered yes to one or more of these questions, you’re on the right track. You’re likely intrinsically motivated to participate in real-world work experience, which leads to valuable experiences in domains both professional and personal. Do you feel youshould get a job just to put on your resume? It’s true that having a job looks good on your resume for college applications. But if you’re not intrinsically motivated to seek out work experiences, chances are you won’t learn or gain much from a part-time job. You’re better off focusing on your main responsibilities: your academic performance and your extracurriculars. If you are still interested in seeking out non-academic activities, think about looking into volunteer opportunities where you can develop your own unique interests and passions. What Are You Looking For in a Teen Job? I've put together a list of different professional skillsets that you can hone and develop in different employment settings. This isn't an exhaustive list, but these skillsets are generalizable across different fields and levels of experience. Even for entry-level positions, you'll want to consider which of these skills you could pick up as an employee: Responsibility - Most jobs require some degree of responsibility from employees. More advanced expectations of responsibility would require you to learn quickly, take initiative on projects, and even teach or train others. People Skills Development - If you deal with a customer or client in any capacity, you'll be learning to work on your people skills. If you work in a service position, like as a sales associate or waiter, you'll be presented with challenging people skills issues on a daily basis. Some individuals really thrive on these one-on-one interactions, while others don't. What do you think you prefer? Teamwork Collaboration - You'll develop collaborative skills if you're expected to work with coworkers to tackle projects or problems. Do you work better alone, or you enjoy working in groups? If you're a more solitary person, try challenging yourself by looking at jobs that require you to work collaboratively. Leadership Skills - You can find jobs high in leadership skills development where there's "room for growth" once you've proven yourself. In a restaurant, for example, almost everyone started off as a busser - you have to prove yourself to work your way up to host or waiter. Professional Development - If you hope to gain a lot of professional connections, or experience in a very particular field, you'll want a job that can provide the most in this domain. It might be difficult to find a paying position as an entry-level teen, but the payoff can be worth it in the long run. Great jobs - even entry-level ones - will hit several of the above points. Before you think about submitting job applications, brainstorm which job qualities are most important to you. They’ll really speak to the types of jobs that you’ll gain the most from. A lot of adults are still on the hunt for their dream jobs; you can get a head start! How Much Time Should You Commit to a Part-Time Job? There’s no one right answer here - it really depends on your other commitments. First, you need to consider teen working restrictions in your state. Many states set maximum working hours/time restrictions for teens, especially during the academic year or on school nights. You can Googlesearch â€Å"[your state] teenage labor laws.† If you’re already 18, none of these restrictions should apply to you. Second, you need to consider where this job will be on your list of priorities. Your own well-being should always be your #1 priority; if your schedule is over-burdened with countless activities and sports and a job, you’llbe doing yourself a disservice. Spreading yourself too thin means that quality of performance will suffer somewhere, whether it’s your schoolwork or your athletic team or your family life. Focus on quality, not quantity - at at the risk of sounding a bit preachy, make sure you're getting enough sleep! If you’re interested in getting a job because you want to develop professional connections, or because you’ve found a position that aligns with future career interests, you might want to invest more time in it. Jobs like this serve you well in the long term for many reasons: You develop basic employment skills, important for any resume You can check out a career path early on to see if it’s something you’re interested in pursuing further You may find yourself a trusted mentor or advisor in a field that you find interesting You may pick up more specialized or unique skills that make you a stronger job applicant in the future, or even a more interesting college applicant Picking up a unique skillset will make you a stand-out applicant in the future. Only you know what your schedule can handle, but think carefully about what you’re willing to commit to before you even start looking at jobs. It’s much easier to under-commit and take on more hours than it is to over-commit and then have to cut back. When I was in high school, I had a lot of academic and extracurricular responsibilities: I took several AP classes, participated in after-school sports, played an instrument in orchestra, and joined several clubs. On top of all this, I thought it would be a great idea for me to commit about 10 hours a week at a part-time job. I was able to juggle all these responsibilities, but barely - and I was exhaustedall the time.I realize now that I didn't have to prove anything by taking on another commitment, and I should have either limited my hours to the weekends or not worked at all while school was in session. During the summers, though, I worked part-time andloved it - I would have gone crazy if I didn't have something to do, and I got to experience a more independent lifestyle the summer before I left for college. Only you know what's right for you, but I hope you can learn from my experiences! Some Examples of Rewarding Jobs If you think that taking on a part-time job is the right thing to do, you'll want to start thinking about what you actually want to do! Here are some examples of fulfilling part-time jobs for teens to get you started. Tutoring - Gain experience as a mentor in a subject area you're skilled in, and learn to work with clients one-on-one. Offers opportunities to develop strong professional relationships. Animal Shelter Work - Working with animals is a lot of fun, and a lot of responsibility - these creatures are completely dependent on you for their care. This is an especially great option if you're considering veterinary work. Administrative Assistant - Small businesses and law firms often need help with administrative tasks.It might not be especially glamorous, but you get to learn the ins and outs of a particular business, all while developing your professional network. Babysitting - It’s a big deal when parents entrust you to care for their kids; it can also be a lot of chaos and fun. If you are interested in working with infants or kids in any capacity in the future, it can be a huge plus to have babysitting experience. Babysitting is also a great side job through college, so the more work experience you have, the easier it’ll be for you to find work in the future. Research - Labs at local universities often need help (sometimes paid, sometimes volunteer) implementing research, or with administrative tasks. If you find an opportunity like this in a field that you’re interested in, I would strongly encourage you to check it out! It’s a great opportunity to meet incredible grad students and professors, work on very cool projects, and put something especially impressive on your resume. What's Next? Interested in getting a job, but not sure whether your academic performance is strong enough? Learn more about what your GPA means, the average high school GPA, and how your grades affect college admissions. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

A CASE STUDY OF THE SOUTHCORP ROSEMOUNT MERGER

A OF THE SOUTHCORP ROSEMOUNT MERGER - Case Study Example Bower (2001) identified five different kinds of mergers: the over capacity M&A, the Geographic roll-up M&A, the product or market extension M&A, the M&A as R&D and the industry convergence M&A. According to Bower (2001) definition the merger between Southcorp and Rosemount will fall some in to third type of merger i.e. the product or market extension type. He identified major areas of concern in different types of mergers. For the product or market extension type the major concern is cultural or governmental differences. While Southcorp was an archetypical Australian wine firm linking vertically along the value chain with major focus on production and less focus on marketing, Rosemount was actually a family business, focusing on sales and marketing only and majorly outsourcing other functions. This difference of working culture can be compared with the one faced by Daimler and Chrysler, both very performing firms prior to merger but failing miserably after the merger (Weber and Camer er (2003). Culture can be defined as the set of commonly shared and important assumptions in a community†. As an organization is also a community of members i.e. employees, etc the set of commonly shared assumption held by members of the organization, can be called as organizational culture. Chatterjee et al (1992) claim that culture affects practically all aspects of the way people of a group interact with each other. There are diverse views on the relative importance of cultural integration, during or post merger, for the success of the merger. Some authors have undoubtedly favored that the cultures of the merging entities need to be integrated to achieve merger goals, while others have considered them as either partially or not important for merger success failure. Cartwright and Cooper (1993) argued that since culture is as fundamental to a company as

Australian Women Workforce Participation and Childcare from 5 to 12 Research Paper

Australian Women Workforce Participation and Childcare from 5 to 12 - Research Paper Example In this case; the research question will be; what is it to be a woman with childcare responsibilities while working in the social market? Presently, there is no appropriate literature that can improve our understanding of the experiences of women with both family and childcare responsibilities. It is because the knowledge on the experience presently is from the minor evidence of unguided past research and other prevailing practices. Thus, the inquiry process starts with the knowledge gap presented by the prior misguided research on the issue at hand. Women point of view may be that they provide quality services to the social work despite pressure from the childcare responsibilities. Hence, following that there is no evidence to support this view, an original research might contrast their opinion. Therefore, this methodology focuses on idiographic. Its objective is to provide insight into how women in the social works make sense in the phenomenon or if they effectively contribute to a ccomplishing their responsibilities. The methodology is appropriate because it relates to the experiences of some individual’s significance like life events or an important relationship development (Hays & Singh, 2012). Interpretive phenomenology is significant in the fact that it helps in understanding the people’s lived experiences and establishes the everyday phenomena’s meanings in their lives, ideas and thoughts. Observations or interviews can generate a rich description of the individual’s lived experiences and providing a substantive data in identifying the key metaphors and main themes of the events and the phenomena in question.

Ibsen and his discontents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ibsen and his discontents - Essay Example bsen, would yet appreciate that marriage, with all its flaws, is still better than its alternative (celibacy) and that human existence (more so in the confines of marriage) can never be perfect. Ibsen, on the other hand, simply asserts that marriage is the root cause of all evil and sadness in the world (Dalrymple, 2005). A gifted yet controversial writer, many people (mostly women) regard Ibsen as the writer who was not afraid to write about the ‘facts’ that others feared to write about. Ibsen looks at marriage and proposes new ways of approaching it that, according to him, will liberate mankind from the relentless strife and turmoil present in marriages. Ibsen first reckons that most people marry for money and that there is no true love in marriages hence. He says that women go for the security and pride in marrying rich made men while men opt for women who are cheap to manage financially. Secondly, Ibsen underlines that societal pressures put a lot of pressure, and thus melancholy, in couples who have to put up appearances in the public which are contrary to their genuine feelings and selves. He adds that notions of respectability and the fear of shame (such as of a struggling/ broken marriage) enslaves married couples and renders their lives meaningless, miserable, degraded and viole nt (Dalrymple, 2005). Ibsen also insinuates that marriages pair people who would not choose each other if circumstances of life had been better/ different. In the wake of these marital and life ‘issues,’ Ibsen offers a solution - philosophical autonomy (Dalrymple, 2005). This is basically the call for each person to live according to their own standards/ principles, put self first (ahead of the partner and children) and pursue their own desires. Theodore disagrees with this remedy and records that he has seen countless such minded parents who abandon their children and so subject them to lives of despair, damage, disease, moral degradation and death. According to Theodore,

Construction Incident Report of Hospital

Construction Incident Report of Hospital Introduction This report looks at incidents that have occurred on a project to extend and refurbish a cancer centre at a North-West Hospital. Assumptions With sectional completion dates, it is taken section cannot commence until the previous section has been completed (Chappell, 2011), with all the incidents relating to section 1. The contractor has issued their master programme as clause 2.9.1.2 of the contract, this programme is not contractually binding but for reference purposes only (Out-law, 2013). Incidents Overhead Cable The overhead cable diversion works do not form part of the contract (Chappell, 2014), clause 2.7.2 of the contract allows the client to undertake works not part of the contract with permission of the contractor and that permission is not to be unreasonable refused (Chappell 2014). Clause 2.27.1 requires the contractor to give notice as soon as they are aware an issue may cause delay (JCT, 2011), this allows the contract administrator to monitor the situation and insure the cable is diverted before any delay occurs (Chappell 2011). Failure to provide notice or late notice may be considered not to comply with clause 2.28.6.1 requiring the use of best endeavours to avoid delay (Chappell 2011). The client relocated the cable prior to the steel erection date thus no delay to the contract works occurred. The contract administrators response notice under clause 2.28.1 it will state that no extension of time is to be granted as no delay materialised. Access The tender information did not include the restrictions detailed in the quality manual, visiting site would not have highlighted these issues to the contractor. This omission of information is a relevant event under clause 2.29.7 as it imposes a new impediment on the contractor not included in the contract, this impediment being under the control of the client (Chappell 2014). However, clause 2.28.6.1 requires the contractor to use best endeavours to prevent delays, and clause 2.28.6.2 requires the contractor to proceed reasonably when a delay occurs (Dunn, 2011).   Knowing after the first meeting of restricted access it is reasonable that the contractor plan work so access is not required on these Thursdays, access for everyone else is still available so works can proceed (Dunn, 2011) Reduced Hours The no machine digging between 2pm and 4pm is different as this occurs every day making re-planning difficult for the contractor, the delay only relates to digging operations and no other site activities. In Amalgamated Building Contractors Ltd v. Waltham Holy Cross Urban District Council [1952] the cause of delays occurred every day, it was held that it was reasonable for the contract administratorto decide on extension of time on completion (ICE 2007). Delays associated with the other incidents are likely to mean that the adjusted completion date is not affected by this issue. Drainage Works Under clause 2.13.2 of the contract the contractor is not responsible for the employers design (Dunn, 2011), clauses 2.14.2 and 2.14.3 allow the correction of any errors in the design with corrections treated as a variation (Cartlidge, 2013). Thus, an instruction is to be issued under clause 3.10 to undertake investigation works and the alteration works being instructed under 3.10.2 requesting a quotation based on the revised design (Dunn, 2011). The investigation works should be valued as clause 5.7.1 daywork rates as the extent of the works would not have been known (Cartlidge, 2013) with the alteration works being valued as clause 5.2.2 and the accepted quotation. A variation is a relevant event under clause 2.29.1, with the drainage alterations solely in the confines of the site preventing any other works from progressing, clause 2.28.1 of the contract requires the contract administrator to issue a fair and reasonable extension of time. The completion date of section 1 should be adjusted by 5 weeks, this can be done even without notice under clause 2.27.1, London Borough of Merton v Stanley Hugh Leach Ltd. 1985 to prevent time going large (Dunn, 2011). Cladding The cladding is an undefined provisional sum, this will mean that the contractor has not allowed for these works in the price or programme (Suttie 2013).   Provisional sums require an instruction from the contract administrator to progress under clause 3.16 and an undefined provisional sum becomes a variation and relevant event under clause 2.29.1 (Brooks et al., 2011). In Walter Lilly Co Ltd v Clin [2016] the court stated that when not defined in the contract the client is responsible for providing sufficient information in time to obtain the required planning consents (Tulloch 2016), delay in issuing any instruction due to planning authorities is the responsibility of the client. When instructed, it should be based on a quotation from the contractor, the works are then valued as clause 5.2.2. The contract administrator needs to consider whether any delay to the cladding works will mean that the works go beyond the previously adjusted completion date of section 1. Cladding Programme and delay Time Weeks Date Task Complete Delay Weeks Revised Design 1 29/08/2014 Foundation works 0 Planning Decision 8 24/10/2014 2-week foundation works 0 5-week delay in steel erection 0 1-week steel erection 0 Quotation 2 7/11/2014 2-weeks steel erection 0 Material ordering 6 19/12/2014 1-week steel erection 5 Installation 4 16/01/2015 4 Total 21 9 Loss and expense Clauses 4.23 to 4.26 of the contract cover loss and expense relating to the delays (Chappell 2011). The current delay is 5 weeks for the drainage and 9 weeks for the cladding, any entitlement to loss or expense must be directly related to the actual timing of the delay (Chappell, 2011). The contractor cannot make an over exaggerated claim for loss as found in C P Haulage v Middleton (1983) the claim for any loss must be justified (RICS, 2015). The average weekly costs for the contractor during the delay were  £4,609, not all costs were non-productive as the investigation works, diversion works and cladding are valued in the contract, members of the site staff would have been carrying out both other on-site works and preparation works for future activities (Chappell, 2011). The contractor must minimise loss due to the delay this includes relocating staff and plant where possible (Chappell, 2011), evidence that relocation had not been possible is required to claim for these items as Shore v Horwitz Construction v Canada Ltd (1964) (RICS, 2015) Security  £650 Light/Power  £125 Sundries  £230 Insurances  £234 Safety Precautions  £123 Weekly Total  £1,362 14 weeks  £19,068 Actual on-site loss to the contractor following the removal of productive items or those that could be reallocate are as follows: The contractor may also claim for office overheads that they cannot divert to new projects during the extra time on-site (Lomas-Clarke, 2014). These losses can be calculated using a formula such as the Emden formula (Lomas-Clarke, 2014) as J F Finnegan v Sheffield County Council (1988) (RICS, 2015) (Overhead and Profit Percentage) 7% x (Contract Sum)  £4,000,000 (Contract Period) 52 Weeks Equals  £5,384 per week x 14-week delay =  £75,376 (Lomas-Clarke, 2014) The total loss and expense claim is  £94,444, for all loss and expense claims the contractor must provide evidence (RICS, 2015) Liquidated Damages The extension of time granted to section 1 adjusted the completion date for this section, if this adjusted date is not met by the contractor then the liquidated damages stated in the contract for section 1 can be claimed by the client (Murdoch Hughes, 1993). On completion of each section the liquidated damages no longer apply to that section going forward (Murdoch Hughes, 1993). Following completion of section 1 section 2 can commence with its original duration that is stated in the contract (Dunn, 2011) if the contractor then fails to meet the adjusted completion date for this section then liquidated damages as stated in the contract can be claimed by the client (Murdoch Hughes, 1993). Conclusion The project has suffered delays which have required adjustment of the contract completion date and allowed a loss an expense claim by the contractor. The contractor is required to proceed at a reasonable pace and if they do not complete by the adjusted completion date the client will be able to claim liquidated damages as set out in the contract.

Quatitative Research Article Critique

In this article, Roy and Therin present the results of an empirical study investigating the relationship between an enterprise’s knowledge acquisition activities and its environmental commitment. The article identifies past research related to knowledge acquisition and environmental commitment and informs the reader that although much as been written about this subject businesses remain confused about how to adopt these environmental considerations. This study shows to be significant, practical and the results could be utilized in real-world business applications. The literature review was comprehensive, up to date and well organized. The authors were able to identify and relate previous research to the current problem. The review identifies many different ideas from a variety of sources all of which relate to the problem statement. Activities specific to environmental issues should offer SMEs valuable knowledge to support their efforts towards a greater environmental commitment (Revel and Rutherfoord, 2003; Simpson et al. 2004) shows how an environmental relationship can help an enterprise. Also read this  Critique of Stuff Is Not Salvation The study identifies four questions of focus to determine if small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can be evaluated on how their knowledge network relates to environment commitment. A hypothesis is established, expecting that firms that are more involved in regular scanning activities will demonstrate a higher level of environmental commitment The methodology is clearly outlined in the study; the desired population was SMEs from six different manufacturing sectors identified using the Quebec Industrial Research Center database. Since these companies face direct involvement with environment issues they should be motivated to respond with un-biased and truthful responses. The data was gathered using phone interviews with senior administrators carried out by a specialized survey firm. The questions given in the survey were measured by the responders perception of the knowledge management processes and the answers were evaluated using Likert-type scales. The research compiles results and uses the information to classify the enterprises as low or high environmental commitment. Since the study could result in a positive or negative effect to a company’s business to can be questioned whether the responses can be completely valid. The authors provided precisely tabulated graphic and narrative evidence used to support the problem statement. Tables containing the various enterprise categories and their environmental commitment levels were provided and are easily understood. The sample consisted of 136 businesses and t tests were performed on independent samples and the significance levels were identified. All of the acquired results are closely related to the study questions and the information is interpreted accurately. This study confirms the author’s hypothesis and provided excess information related to the subject. The authors did recognize the need to preform further research in order to better understand the relationship. There is no evidence that the external validity of this study should be questioned, it is clear that the study can be applied to a separate sample group and produce similar results.

Labour relations Essay

Labour relations refers to the relations between employers and employees. They are affected by certain factors, including labour organizations, collective bargaining, labour market, government policy, the structure of the economy, labour law and technological change. Since industrial relations are regularly connected with unions, it is noteworthy that in Canada, until the 1970s, a greater part of unions and union members belonged to American-based craft and industrial unions. According to some observers, incidence of strikes has been very high and unusual in North American labour relations. Studies have also disclosed that the frequency of savagery and unlawfulness emerging out of labour disputes has been much higher in the US and Canada than in other comparably industrialized countries. They included the relatively recent development of large-scale â€Å"mass unionization,† a extensive deposit of pressure and common hostility arising from the boundless, extended and very ofte n violent opposition of employers to unions; intense organizational and leadership rivalries among unions; the highly decentralized structure of labour organization and collective bargaining in most industries; and the absence of a strong or dominant labour party capable of gaining power at the national level. The relative strength of organized labour in Canada was also affected by cultural and ethnic divisions among workers, especially the considerable gap between Francophone and Anglophones, which was symbolized by the development of the separate francophone confederation of national trade unions in Quà ©bec. Maintained geographic and political divisions also precluded effective unionization and often set the interests of the workers in one region against those in another. Politically, the labour movement had been divided since the turn of the century, when the trades and labour congress, backed by the American Federation of Labour, ousted the activist knights of labour. Disputes over conflicting beliefs, programs and organizational goals became less intense with the formation of the Canadian Labour Congress in 1956. Since then a lot of unions have subdued away from traditional American-controlled organizations in a drive for national sovereignty. Some are in the CLC and some in the Confederation of Canadian Unions. Government intercession is another factor progressively impacting labour relations. Since W.L. Mackenzie King, as federal deputy minister, presented the  Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of 1907 to curb western Canada’s militant coal-mine workers, governments in Canada have acted to maintain â€Å"law and order† and to protect employers’ property and latitude of action rather than to protect the rights of employees to organize and bargain collectively. This tendency is apparent in a history of expeditious resort to mandatory intrusion, such as back-to-work legislation and obligatory adjudication, to settle disputes. Canadian Labour Laws: Both Federal and Provincial Laws Canadian labour laws cover all employees in Canada with the majority (approximately 90%) covered under provincial labour laws. The remaining are secured under federal labour law through the Canada Labour Code. The labour laws varies from one province to another. Canadian labour laws and employment laws are quite challenging to employers doing business in Canada as these laws are constantly being modified. Furthermore, to these consistent progressions, those employers having business all around Canada, or in different provinces, are concerned to dissimilarity in the employment laws of the various provinces and territories. What can also add to the employment act disputes is the fact that both the federal and the provincial governments can have jurisdiction over labour and employment issues in a province depending on which industry the enterprise operates in. These labour acts and employment acts can be very confusing to new businesses to the Canadian labour environment, as well as for local businesses that are expanding from provincial markets into the Canadian national market for goods and services. The constant change associated with employment and labour law in Canada poses a significant challenge for employers doing business here. That test is intensified by the fact that employers with operations across Canada may be subject to differing employment laws in each province. Canada Labour Code (CLC): Federal Employment Law Canada Labour Law alludes predominantly to the Canada Labour Code (CLC) which is the labour law consolidated under a federal Act, and which regulates work undertaken by the federal government or business undertakings that falls under federal jurisdiction. This Code consists of three parts: 1. Industrial Relations: Deals with the general industrial relations aspects covering the union-management interaction, union official recognition, a difference declaration in those industries that fall under federal jurisdiction. 2. Occupational Health and Safety: Lays out the legislation covering workplace health and safety issues in areas under federal jurisdiction. 3. Standard Hours, Wages, Vacations and Holidays: This section interprets the federal employment standards which covers the conditions of employment such as operational hours, pay, common holidays, time off leave, layoffs, severance pay, and unreasonable dismissals, etc. Conclusion: Unions still have a place in Canadian Workplace. Labour unions engage in collective bargaining with employers to determine issues such as salary, the rules and regulations of labour, and employee security. Unions also take on in political activities on behalf of workers and have historically had ties to political parties, such as the New Democratic Party (NDP). Unionized workers in Canada include industrial and office workers and public employees in government administration, schools, and hospitals, engineers, professors, nurses, teachers, and other skilled workers. workforce are less expected to be unionized in private service-sector firms such as retail stores, restaurants, banks, and insurance companies, because employers in those areas have forcefully opposed unions. Labour organizations exist on a diversity of levels, from confined workplaces to global organizations. Reference JAMIESON, S. M. (2006). Labour Relations. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/labour-relations/#h3_jump_0 Canadian Labour Laws: Including Labour Relations Codes And Employment Laws. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.canadianlabourrelations.com/canadian-labour-laws.html Canada Labour Code: Federal Labour Relations Act And Regulations. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.canadianlabourrelations.com/canada-labour-code.html MacDowell, L. S. (2004). Labour Unions in Canada. Retrieved from http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy2/E64ContentFiles/HistoryOfTheAmericas/LaborUnionCanada060130.html

Ways to Spend Your Summer Vacation Productively

Ways to Spend Your Summer Vacation Productively Ah, the summer. You seem to have waited for it forever, right? Finally, theres enough time to watch your favorite shows, go to the beaches, party basically, relax in all the possible ways. Surprisingly, even these activities can turn into routine and bore you to tears. Weve come up with a list of suggestions to add some work to your play. Not only will they help you achieve something during those dog days, but youll also preserve the charm of thoughtless laying on the beach or indulging yourself to another episode of that TV-series. Ready to have fun and challenge yourself a bit? Lets get started then! Learn to Cook or explore new exciting recipes. In case youre not a rookie in the cooking world, you have the whole lot of opportunities to explore. Surprise your family and friends with your masterpieces! If you dont know how to cook at all – go for it. Its an awesome way to get fitter, healthier and more creative at the same time. Get Musical Playing a musical instrument is a powerful tool of self-development. It engages your brain in a completely different way, makes you enhance motor skills, trains your ability to concentrate and does miracles to your creativity. Learn to Code HTML, Python or Java – learning at least basics of these is becoming a real necessity nowadays. If youre not particularly technically savvy – think of it as a challenge to your mind and at least give it a try. Teach Yourself a New Language †¦or get your environment do this. The times when mastering a language was possible only after hours of heavy staring into the textbooks are now far gone. Start small: switch the language settings on Facebook or watch your favorite TV-show with a foreign sound-track. Apply for an Internship Participating in an internship program has a number of positive sides to it: you get hands-on experience at a real workplace, build new connections and may even kick-start your soaring career. Theres plenty of ways to find a perfectly suitable internship: from talking to a career counsellor to consulting one of online resources. Start a Blog in case you havent got one yet. Its a great platform for self-expression and even for learning to make money online. If you do have one – update it regularly and document your summer. Do Volunteer Work Helping others makes you a better person. Whether you feel the need to improve your karma or simply want to learn more about life – volunteer work is a sure way to fulfill these purposes. Choose the one that matches your interests and go make your contribution. Get a Part-Time Job Job will surely take up lots of your time. Despite that, it is quite a rewarding experience. Meeting new people, trying yourself in a new role and getting paid, of course – thats just the top of an iceberg. Just do your best to pick something you really like. Enter Online Courses There are so many spheres of life were completely ignorant about! Luckily, theres a plenty of online courses to change the situation. Choose the subject youre particularly interested in and let the knowledge capture you. Do Couch Surfing Travel enriches you mind. Couch surfing lets you gain plenty of experience without wasting tons of money for it. In addition to saving yourself trouble of booking and pre-paying the hotels you get a chance to get to know local culture better via communication with the hosts. Find the Joy of Reading Instead of reading with purely educational purpose, in summer you can actually do it for fun. Choose the book youve chosen a while ago and read to your hearts content. In case you arent quite sure what to choose, check out the hottest reading list for summer or visit Goodreads and What Should I Read Next to make up your mind. Meditate Summer is a great opportunity to restore your energy supplies and refill the reservoir of your inner strength. Meditation will be of a great help here. With all the classes gone, youll definitely have more time for it. Dive Into Culture Being a student you get plenty of discounts to visit museums, galleries and other places, soaked in beauty and culture. Check out the opportunities in your area and start the quest for the art: the experience might be not just educating but also fun! Opt for Documentaries Think of the time youve spent binge-watching all the TV-shows. Imagine how much you could have learnt, if you watched documentaries instead? Why not try doing so? â€Å"No Fast Food† Weeks Thats a tough, though beneficial one. Set yourself a goal and stay out of the fast food restaurants. Youre sure to get healthier and more creative with your nutrition choices. Your body will be grateful for a change! Start a Fitness Challenge With the abundance of fitness channels on YouTube and inspiration accounts on Instagram, everyone will find something to their likings. Be persistent, dont give up and prepare to be proud: youll get fitter, slimmer and more disciplined. Whats not to like, right? Go On a Bicycle Tour Bicycle tours have plenty of advantages: thats the greenest way to travel, you get a chance to see more gorgeous places in addition to saving all the money for transport. If you dont have a bike – rent one and enjoy the journey. Start New, Good Habits We have all the powers to shape our personalities. Thats why forming new, useful habits is so exciting: with a bit of motivation and discipline you can carve out a better version of your current self. Clean the Clutter Feel the need to organize your mind? Clean you room then. The less cluttered the space you live in is, the less garbage there is in your head. Start now. The effect is really fascinating. Manage Your Money Do you always know where your money go? With a bit of free time and effort youll become a real personal finance guru. Subscribe to a couple of smart finance blogs or choose one of the digital tools to help you deal with your income and spendings in a more reasonable way. There you go. Feel free to invent your own ways of adding productivity to your summer. Youre the one setting the limits. Have an awesome one!

Managing for ethical conduct in a global business environment

Managing for ethical conduct in a global business environment Since customs, culture and norms can be very different from their own, managers need to learn how to adapt to different cultures. .A good way to do this is by learning their language. In fact, according to this chapter, "language is an essential part of cultural learning and contributes to productive international business experience."(pg.318)In addition, learning about how people behave and conduct business in other countries is essential. Therefore, companies need to provide language training and guidance for the expatriate managers because this will help them be more effective in foreign assignments. In fact, being in a foreign country can present many challenges for the expatriate manager. Some of these challenges have to do mainly with ethical issues. For instance, employers in the United States usually hire employees with whom they have no personal relationship, but who have high skill and qualifications rather than a friend or relative who is less qualified for the job.Corpora tion: PeopleThis is part of our culture. But people from Spanish countries and Asia will consider this kind of practice unethical since they place more value on hiring family members or friends.Another challenge is the fact that some cultures consider gift giving as okay. For instance, in Japan gift-giving can be an important part of conducting business. But in the United States gift giving is considered to be a bribe. That is, "an attempt to influence an individual's business decisions."(pg.319) In fact, these cultural differences can be challenging. So it is important that managers be discreet and wise when dealing with other cultures. Their goal should be of making it a positive experience instead of tense and nonproductive.According to this chapter, if a company is doing business abroad, the company needs to develop guidelines and policies for their employees. Some of these guidelines...

Leaders as agents of Socialization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Leaders as agents of Socialization - Term Paper Example That is, the gradual shift from an unfavorable environment to a more favorable one has the likelihood to reshape the initial cognitive cycle of the child, thereby emphasizing the role that conscious educational environments could create for the child. Essentially, inequality in educational achievement has been attributed majorly to the physical environment that the child grows in. The cultural capital theory helps to explain disparities in educational attainment based on the environmental setup that children grow in (Meyer, 2007). Intellectual ability is assessed through educational attainment of individuals. However, the interaction between such achievement and the socialization has prompted wide research into the impacts of social structures on the individual’s ability to socialize (loosely translated into the ability to interact freely and intelligently with other members of a social setup). Socialization is a key factor in the determination of the skill development in young children. Consequently, a great deal of attention has been concentrated to understanding how cultures create a social structure, and how such structures affect the ability to socialize (Turner, 2006). From the dimension of a school leader, the above argument presents a state to redefine the way children socialize. That is, irrespective of their cultural background. The leader aims at creating a supportive environment that recognizes the existence of each member of a society, and attempts to genuinely offer them equal opportunity to develop their social skills. In order to address the disparities between various members of a community, it is essential to create a transformative environment that will enable convergence of interests and encourage those who are seen to be underprivileged to come out more boldly and confront their past misgivings. The transformation environment created by a school leader cannot be complete without

Napoleon as a Child of the Enlightenment and the First Modern Dictator Research Paper

Napoleon as a Child of the Enlightenment and the First Modern Dictator - Research Paper Example This was an indication of his devotion to the enli. With scholastic and scientific advancements came the so called â€Å"opening of great minds†. Shortly after the advent of enlightenment, the revolution and civil war broke out in France from 1879 to 1899. This period required a strong leader and Napoleon’s leaning towards enlightenment’s principal-called the minds of the French, middle class (Posner 12). He displayed this in his policies and attitudes, resulting from his enlightened social reform agenda and religious ideas. Enlightenment taught principles of religious tolerance via the lessening of God and religion in everyday life. Napoleon was able to isolate himself from the devout and use religion for the furthering of his goals and political ideas. For example, he took the religion of the lands that he conquered. In France, he was a Catholic, but in Egypt, he took up Islam. It is difficult to reconcile whether Napoleon's political acumen was his source of e nlightenment or whether the enlightenment made him a political strategist (Posner 16). Regardless, Napoleon is considered a despot of the enlightenment. Though by today’s standards, Napoleon’s ideals, such as a puppet parliament and clergy would seem unenlightened, the 18th-century enlightenment despot was one able to introduce rational thought and reform while ignoring the minority. Napoleon’s most interesting enlightened social reform involved the institution of a law system that treated the citizens as individuals, without recognition of social class. Napoleon also instituted enlightenment principled reforms in the education sector by promoting scholarships for those with scholastic promise, as education became increasingly important in the enlightenment world. His enlightenment era actions and ideas led to the codified law system that was embraced all over Europe and continues to influence constitutions all over the world to date. Napoleon was a child of the enlightenment who followed the ideas that the period presented through his strategy and policies. Napoleon can be considered as the first modern dictator. Most dictators usually come to power during war or a state of emergence, just as Napoleon did. As an army general during the French Revolution, France witnessed a period of great political and social upheaval. From 1789, France evolved from being a monarchy to a republic and finally to an empire. In the middle of bloody coups, executions, and confusion, Napoleon rose to the high consul in the provisional government (Woloch 34). Because of his status as an undefeated commander, he enjoyed great popularity. He went on to write the Napoleonic code, which is still the basis for French civil law to this day.  Ã‚