Saturday, August 31, 2019

Karl Marx Essay

Karl Marx who was christened ‘the father of modern communism’ was a well renowned philosopher whose ideologies in the political, economy as well as social perspectives were very significant. To Marx, the issue of inequality in society was a major concern and a central point in his ideologies. He blamed the inequality in society on the economic production. (Healey J 2006). He placed more emphasis on the means of production which simply implied the tools or materials used in order to ensure that goods and services were produced and distributed. To Marx, the means of production could vary depending on the prevailing economic system. In cases of agricultural societies, land would be an important means of production while for the industrial society the machinery and equipment, factories as well as the transportation system were the means of production. Marx further noted that societies were dominated by capitalistic tendencies in spite of them being agricultural or industrial. To him there are two major social classes who are in continued struggle or conflict over the means of production. The two major classes are the bourgeoisie who not only own but also control the factors of production and it is also the ruling class. (Healey J 2006). The other class comprises of the proletariat or the working class. Marx believed that conflicts between the two distinct classes were eminent or rather inevitable. The resultant effect was that the proletariat class would over throw the bourgeoisie and an equitable society would be attained. In the new society exploitation and coercion would be a thing of the past. The new society would be a class less society and inequality would be erased and social change would be attained. Marx presented a conflicting society that was characterised by continued class struggle. (Healey J 2006) Healey in ‘Race, Ethnicity, Gender and class’, noted that Max Weber a German sociologist was a major critic of Marx ideologies. He argued that Marx ideology of inequality in society was a very narrow one. To Weber, the inequality problem in society was complex and not as simple as Marx presented it. He was quite categorical that inequalities in society could not be wholly blamed on economic forces. In this regard he noted the cases where people may belong to the elite class in society but lack wealth attached to it or vice versa. Some people may have the wealth but lack the self esteem. (Healey J, 2006) Marx and Weber agreed on the issue of inequalities in society. Weber expounded on Marx ideologies and he in fact adopted other stratification mechanisms regarding inequalities with ownership and control of factors of production which was similar to Karl Marx’s class ideology. Secondly, he brought about the idea of ‘prestige’ where the amount of honour or self esteem given to people by others was highlighted. To Weber, factors like class, family lineage as well as physical appearance affected the amount of prestige or honour to be placed on people by others. The third stratification according to Weber was power or the ability to influence or control others. A person’s stand in political organisation determined how powerful they were in the society. To Weber, the three groups had similar characteristics in the sense that wealthy, prestigious were likely to be more powerful when compared to the poor people in the society. (Healey J, 2006). Both Marx and Weber agreed that the development of capitalism was as a result of accumulated capital. However, they differed on how the accumulation was ensured. Marx was convinced that ‘owners of the means of production or the ‘bourgeois acquired immense capital through expropriation and exploitation of the working class or the proletariat. On the other hand Weber perceived a society where the accumulation of capital was attributed to the dedication, self denial and hard work of the capitalists. As Etzioni – Halevy in ‘Social change’ noted, Weber viewed ‘social change in society as caused not only by the economic factors but also by values and ideas’ (Etzioni – Halery E). Notably, Weber did not underestimate the role of or importance of economic factors in as far as social change in society was concerned. Some of Weber’s viewpoints earned him no fame as they just blended what Marx had earlier presented. The main distinction pertaining his ideologies was his emphasis on the fact that the ‘advent of modern capitalism could not be wholly blamed on the economic factors’. (Etzioni-Halevy J, 1981). To him, values had a very significant role to play and to this regard had to be considered with the same intensity that was attached to economic factors. Important values cited by Weber included achievement – oriented values which worked to motivate the entrepreneurs to work devotedly while negating from consumption to embrace investment. He perceived a society where entrepreneurs would instead of consuming their profits re-invest to earn more profits. (Etzioni-Halery J, 1981) To Marx, social change would be realised when the two conflicting classes were no more or when the working class overthrew the ruling class over the means of production. Weber rejected this view point on the argument that social change was a complex aspect which was affected by the class groupings as well as the varying or diverse status. (Allan K, 2005) The working class according to Marx earned a living by selling their labour to the owners of the means of production or capitalists. There was an eminent exploitation between the two classes in the society. Marx coined the term ‘pauperization’ to mean the process through which the rich became richer as the poor grew poorer. The exploitation was due to the fact that the wages paid to the working class by the capitalists was not equitable to the work or output they produced. Apart from receiving poor pay, the working class in poor conditions that negatively affected their mental as well as physical well being. (Giddens A and Griffiths, 2006). Weber backed Marx idea that the society was characterised by conflicts for power as well as resources. On how the society was structured Weber negated from Marx ideology that economic factors alone had a role to play in its determination. In contrast he noted that other important aspects like status as well as party had a role in class differences. According to Weber they could emerge from other aspects rather than economic forces. He noted that economic differences could arise from other resources rather than property for instance skills, qualifications or credentials. Taylor G and Spencer S, 2004). Weber argued that capitalism was not necessarily the critical factor triggering alienation and deprivation of the working class. Consequently, elimination of the private ownership would not suffice in resolving the inequality issue in the society. Weber blamed the alienation to ‘the omnipotent structures of the bureaucratic rule’ (Hamilton P, 1991). Weber rejected socialism as a way of resolving the problems associated or linked in capitalism.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Early Black Leaders of America Essay

American History Early Black Leaders of America In history, It Is a proven fact that leader Is to lead In everything that we do In our daily lives. During the civil rights times on into the current time, there were black leaders ot America that changed the world. Many black leaders paved the way tor many of African Americans today and some died for us. Their ideas, tactics, and solutions for problems faced by blacks were significant. The three black leaders of America I will be discussing are Fredrick Douglas, Malcom X. end Martin Luther King. First, Fredrick Douglas was a prominent American abolitionist, author and orator. Born a slave, Douglass escaped at age 20 and went on to become a world-renowned antislavery activist. HIS three autobiographies are considered important works of the slave narrative tradition as well as classics of American autobiography† Douglass’ work as a reformer ranged from his abolitionist activities In the early 1840s to his attacks on Jim Crow and lynching in the 1890s. For 16 years he edited an influential black newspaper and achieved International tame as an Insplrlng and persuasive speaker and writer. In thousands of speeches and editorials, he levied a powerful indictment against slavery and racism, provided an indomitable voice of hope for his people, embraced antislavery politics and preached his own brand of American ideals. econd, Malcom x was an actlvlst and outspoken public voice of the Black Muslim faith, challenged the mainstream civil rights movement and the nonviolent pursuit of Integration championed by Martin Luther King Jr, He urged followers to defend themselves against white aggression â€Å"by any means necessary. † Malcolm became an influential leader of the Nation of Islam, which combined Islam with black nationalism and sought to encourage and enfranchise disadvantaged young blacks searching for confidence in segregated America. After Malcolm X’s death in 1965, his bestselling book The Autobiography ot Malcolm X popularized his Ideas, particularly mong black youth, and laid the foundation for the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and 1970s Last, Martin Luther King played d key role In the American clvll rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. Inspired by advocates of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi, King sought equality tor Atrlcan Americans, the economically disadvantaged and victims of injustice through peaceful protest. He was the driving force behind watershed events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott nd the March on Washington, which helped bring about such landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act. The use of his mouth was his most powerful weapon and it worked well. I picked the three leaders because they were the most influential to me. These men are the Mount Rushmore’s of the black American leaders and I think they really were people to look up to. Their Ideas, tactics, and solutions worked well as we witness In nlstory. some people are Dorn to lead ana tnese tnree men were oennltely born to do that.

Acids, Bases and Salts

A chemical substance (typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid) that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red. Ionic Dissociation: Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which ionic compounds (complexes, or salts) separate or split into smaller particles, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. Strength of Acids: The strength of an  acid  refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. There are very few strong acids. A strong acid is one that completely ionizes in  water. In contrast a weak acid only partially dissociates.Examples of strong acids  are  hydrochloric acid  (HCl),  hydroiodic acid  (HI),  hydrobromic acid  (HBr),  perchloric acid  (HClO4),  nitric acid  (HNO3) and  sulfuric acid  (H2SO4). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H+. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the   polarity  of the H—A bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the H—A bond. Acid strengths are also often discussed in terms of the stability of the conjugate base. Sulfonic acids, which are organic oxyacids, are a  class  of strong acids.A common example is toluenesulfonic acid  (tosylic acid). Unlike sulfuric acid itself, sulfonic acids can be solids. Superacids  are acids stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. Examples of superacids arefluoroantimonic acid,  magic acid  and  perchloric acid. Superacids can permanently protonate water to give ionic, crystalline  hydronium  Ã¢â‚¬Å"salts†. Basicity of an Acid: Basicity of an acid refers to the  number of replaceable hydrogen atoms  in one molecule of the acid. 3 common types of Basicity of an acid Monobasic Definition: 1 molecule produce  1 H+ ion  upon dissociation Example:  HCl, HNO3 Dissociation Equation: HCl(aq) –> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)Dibasic Definition: 1 molecule produce  2 H+  ion upon dissociation Example:  H2SO4 Dissociation Equation: Figure it out yourself!! Tribasic Definition: 1 molecule produce  3 H+  ion upon dissociation Example:  H3PO4 Dissociation Equation: H3PO4(aq) –> 3H+(aq) + PO4 3-(aq) Alkali: An alkali is a base in an aqueous solution or a chemical compound which is water soluble and neutralizes or effervesces with acids and turns litmus blue; typically, a caustic or corrosive substance of this kind such as lime or soda. Examples of alkalis include NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide), NH3(Ammonia) and KOH (Potassium Hydroxide).Salt: Any chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with all or part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a metal or other cation. Bases: A  base  in  chemistry  is a substance that can accept  hydrogen ions  (protons) or more generally, donate electron pairs. A soluble base is referred to as an  alkali  if it contains and releases hydro xide  ions  (OH? )  quantitatively. The  Bronsted-Lowry theory  defines bases as  proton(hydrogen ion) acceptors, while the more general Lewis theory defines bases as  electron pair donors, allowing other  Lewis acids  than protons to be included.Bases can be  thought  of as the chemical opposite of  acids. A reaction between an acid and base is called  neutralization. Bases and acids are seen as opposites because the effect of an acid is to increase the  hydronium ion  (H3O+)  concentration  in water, whereas bases reduce this concentration. Bases and acids are typically  found  in  aqueous solution  forms. Aqueous solutions of bases react with aqueous solutions of acids to produce  water  and  salts   

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Business - Does BPR liberate or exploit workers How Assignment

Business - Does BPR liberate or exploit workers How - Assignment Example Champy, have argued that organizations are simply wasting their time by shifting the tasks involved in a process between departments instead of bringing all the tasks under the centralized control of a process control team (12 Manage, 2010) They have argued that the suppliers, distributors and the business partners should be brought under one umbrella in order to execute the process more easily and effectively in quick time. Hammer, a former professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has argued that most of the works done by the organizations are not giving any value to the customers even though the resources were exploited heavily. He argued that the resource utilization must be minimized and the customer value should be increased by organizations as part of the BPR. BPR has shaken the business world in the 90’s and many organizations were started to implement it for raising the effectiveness of their firm. The arrival of BPR has brought lot of controversies also. Critics argued that BPR is misused for exploiting the workers rather than utilizing the resources effectively by organizations. On the other hand proponents argued that BPR liberated workers by making their tasks lot easier. This paper tries to answer the question; Does BPR liberate or exploit workers? How? Muthu et al (1999) has defined BPR as the reengineering of the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in performances such as cost, quality, service and speed (Muthu et al, 1999, p.1). Organizations are currently looking for cost reduction in all the departments without sacrificing the quality of their products. Increased competition has forced them to improve the speed and service extended to the customers and BPR is one way of achieving the above objectives. BPR involve; Business Process Redesign, Business Transformation, or Business

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Is Taiwan a Country Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Is Taiwan a Country - Research Paper Example Taiwan Island is separated from mainland China by the Taiwan Strait and borders the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea to the south, the East China Sea in the north, and the Pacific Ocean in the west (Wikipedia, 2006a). The perennial debate over â€Å"independence† versus â€Å"unification† in Taiwan is a case in point. This paper discusses some facts with respect to the question of whether Taiwan is an independent country or not. Though Taiwan has a distinct boundary of its own, the United States and most other significant nations recognize one China and thus include the boundaries of Taiwan as being part of the boundaries of China (Rosenberg, 2006b) Taiwan is home to almost 23 million people, making it the 48th largest "county" in the world, with a population slightly smaller than North Korea but larger than Romania (Rosenberg, 2006b). Over the past few decades, the average age of Taiwan’s population has increased by 1.8 percent. The population is one of the criteria for an independent country and since people live in Taiwan on an ongoing basis satisfies this criterion. Education is compulsory and Taiwan has more than 150 institutions of higher learning. Taiwan is home to the Palace Museum, which houses over 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting, and porcelain. In the past few decades, Taiwan is recognized as a growing economy. It has become one of the newly industrialized countries (NICs). In 1983 the GNP of the country approached US$50 billion and its per capita income reached US$2,444. Taiwan is one of the top 15 trading nations. Taiwan has gained in terms of its economy but has substantially waned in terms of its international status (Weng, 1984). Besides, Taiwan is an economic powerhouse - its one of the four economic tigers of Southeast Asia (They have included South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong.). Its GDP per capita is among the top 30 of the world.     

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Life and Works of Burrhus Frederic Skinner Research Paper

Life and Works of Burrhus Frederic Skinner - Research Paper Example His father was a lawyer and his mother stayed at home. Perceptibly, he grew up in an intellectual and conventional household. As a youth, he was described to have difficulties in being socially accepted. One unfortunate event that happened in his life is when his brother died due to cerebral hemorrhage. Unlike any other usual adolescent, he did not actually like participating in the usual college social gatherings. Instead, he was more focused on critiquing authorities. He mainly did this through his journalism. Moreover, he proclaimed himself as a person who does not believe in God in spite of the fact that he was studying in a religiously devout school. After finishing his bachelor’s degree in English Literature, he decided that he would be a writer. He then worked for a newspaper in New York. He did not really become actualized in his first career. Skinner got inspired by the works of Ivan Pavlov and James Watson. Afterwards, he went back to school and got his masters and d octorate in psychology at Harvard. He got married with Yvonne Blue in 1936 and they had two daughters. He then worked at Indiana University’s psychology department. In 1948, his career went back to Harvard until his death in 1990. Works Skinner is known as a psychologist, author, educator, and philosopher. He published many books and journals regarding his theories. He devoted much of his life improving his researches. Lots of his experiments centered on measuring responses to various kinds of stimuli. Until his retirement, he worked on analyzing the human behavior. Skinner became famous for the air crib. It was also known as the baby tender. One of his daughters was raised using this invention. The contraption was made to alleviate Yvonne’s difficulties and worries in caring for their baby. It was fashioned with glass panels as well as with air conditioning. The air crib was invented with the aim to promote the general welfare of infants. In 1994, Skinner was inspired to make this invention when he found out that he would have a second child. In fact, the air crib was commercialized and marketed to around 300 families. It was found to be effective in soothing children and in manipulating the temperature especially during extreme weather. Furthermore, he became known for his book, Walden II. It is about a society run by behavioristic rules (Skinner, 1974). His book talks much about his theory which is called operant conditioning. This simply means that a behavior is affected by the response to that certain behavior. For instance, a child would tend to be obedient when his mother gives him candy as a reward. To concretely illustrate this concept, he devised an experiment. He utilized a special cage well-known as a â€Å"Skinner Box† (Shultz, 2012). It is otherwise called the operant conditioning box. The container has a lever that makes food pellet come out when pressed. The pellet acted as a reinforcing stimulus. When the rat accidentally pushed the bar and food came out, it repeated its behavior. Since the rat got rewarded for pressing the lever, he repeated the same action with the expectancy of having another positive feedback. After some time, the rat kept on pressing the lever until a number of pellets were piled. However, when no food pellet will come out, the rat will learn that its behavior does not result to a reward. Hence, it will learn to stop pushing the lever. Skinner termed this as extinction. Consequently, the rat’s first behavior will resurface if the reward would be returned. In addition, the schedules of reinforcement affect the learning of behavior. In his many experiments, the time and interval of giving rewards influence the rat’

Monday, August 26, 2019

The learning environment in regards to general nursing students Essay

The learning environment in regards to general nursing students - Essay Example Teaching and learning is a dynamic, collaborative, reciprocal life-long process of growth arising from interaction between teacher and the student. Teaching faculty is responsible for guiding learning activities, which create an environment that is conducive to learning and valuing of self as a basis for caring for others among the nursing students. In addition, they provide opportunities to practice skills, and offer positive reinforcement as motivation for learning. As a diverse group of scholars, both the teaching faculty and the students interact with the environment bringing a variety of orientation influenced by factors such as previous experience, lifestyles, and desires for achievement. Recognizing these differences it is essential to provide opportunities to validate prior learning. In this context it becomes essential that instructional strategies should be designed to respond to individual differences. As the nursing students actively participate in the teaching- learning process, they become more independent, self-directed, and creative in meeting their learning needs. Critical thinking and self-evaluation are integral elements in the teaching – learning process.

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Wisdom Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wisdom Paper - Essay Example I consider my grandmother wise because she conforms to the definition of wisdom that I believe in and have discussed above. She has spent a whole lifetime during which she has seen a lot of highs and lows. She has been through a lot of enlightening and tough experiences and challenges, all of which have added to her knowledge of the best ways to deal with them, and so she has become more learned and wiser as she has aged. Perhaps it can be said for all elderly people, but some people do not learn from their mistakes, so they cannot be considered wise even if they are old. I am sure my grandmother is not included in that category. While I have had a lot of opportunities to learn from my grandmother, I have not been quite as lucky to learn from Martin Luther King Jr. as he had died several years before I had born. However, having read his biographies, and the books and articles written about him, I have learnt a lot of qualities and philosophies of Martin Luther King Jr. that were described in them. Obviously, learning from a living person is a much different and better experience than learning from the second-hand accounts about a person who has passed away. Since my childhood, spending at least half an hour a day solely with my grandmother whenever she is at my home has been my habit. Whenever we are together, I ask her questions about her life, and her experiences, and tend to understand her thoughts, philosophies, and opinions about all kinds of issues. These experiences have been extremely informative, spiritually rejuvenating, and enlightening for me. I think that wisdom and learning are interrelated terms in that wisdom is enhanced by learning, but the two terms cannot be used interchangeably since they differ in their meanings. Wisdom is in-born. It is the sense to distinguish between the right and the wrong. Learning, on the other hand, is knowledge that is

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Exhibition of Wayne Thibaud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exhibition of Wayne Thibaud - Essay Example The essay "Exhibition of Wayne Thibaud" discovers Wayne Thibaud's Exhibition. A student of commercial art, he spent several years as a professional cartoonist at the Walt Disney Studios and elsewhere before moving on to teach art. Thibaud’s knowledge of and respect for commercial illustration greatly informed his subsequent work, which is marked by its formal geometric order and clearly defined forms. After briefly working in the dominant abstract expressionist style, Thibaud settled on realism as his primary mode of expression in the mid-1950s. In the 1960’s Thibaud received his Master’s from Sacramento State and later became an assistant Professor at the University of California, Davis—where he would remain through the 1970s. It was during his tenure at UC Davis when he created some of his most iconic works.In 1963, Thibaud turned increasingly to figure and landscape painting. Beginning in the 1970s, he began painting San Francisco cityscapes, wildly dis torted views of the city's streets and hillsides that are reminiscent not only of Richard Diebenkorn's cityscapes from the mid-sixties but also the Precisionist paintings of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keefe. His most recent landscapes dating from the mid-1990s share many of the same spatial and planar distortions seen in the cityscapes but utilize hotter color and flattened planes to create the imagery. Although he has been frequently associated with Pop Art due to his choice of subject matter, Thibaud does not consider himself a Pop artist., nor does he align himself with the Bay Area figurative movement. His painting does not critique American culture so much as celebrate it, and his brushwork is more individual and expressive than the flat, mechanized style favored by Pop artists such as Andy Warhol and James Rosenquist. Thibaud himself disavows an allegiance to any style, preferring to concentrate on the discipline of painting and his formal concerns. This focus places him in context with earlier painters he admires, including the 18th-century French painter Chardin, Giorgio Morandi, and Edward Hopper. Wayne Thibaud was awarded the National Medal of Arts and a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 2001, he was honored with a retrospective and monograph organized by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco's Legion of Honor. The show to traveled to the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C, and the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas. His work is held by major museums in the United States and abroad. His recent series of beach painting was influenced by his youth which dates back to the 1920s and 1930s in Long Beach, California. Thibaud served as a city lifeguard which gave him a unique perspective of the coastline and activities happening at the beach. This was the first impression of beach culture that was marked on his tab (Wayne Thibaud: 70 years). At present, Thibaud continues to work on themes inspired by Southern California beach culture. He fuses his vivid colors with these subjects slightly diverging from the subjects of his early works. Comparing Thibaud's early works from his recent works, most of the subjects of his early works were foods such as cakes, pies and sandwiches. An example of his early work is the painting Cakes, pictured below, which was created in 1963. During his later years, his works incorporate landscapes and street scenes. Such is evident with his painting Rivers and Farms, pictured below,

Friday, August 23, 2019

Critical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Critical Analysis - Essay Example Greek Resistance Movement succeeded in making the Germans withdraw in 1944, the Greek Civil War broke out in 1946 between the communist-led rebels and the Greek government. A prolonged period of fighting followed at the end of which the rebels were completely defeated by October 1949 (The World Book Encyclopedia). Mark Mazower is a renowned British historian, reputedly one of the leading global specialists in Greek history (Wikipedia). His book â€Å"After the War was Over† contains 14 essays that show how the Civil War affected the family, the law, and the State of Greece, providing fresh insight into missing records, and delving into events that were hitherto unknown to the world (Finney). The first revelation concerns the subject of justice, a theme in 5 essays of the volume (Finney). Mark Mazower’s essay â€Å"Three Forms of Political Justice: Greece, 1944-1945† (Chapter 1 of the volume) deals with the unpredictable understanding of concepts of justice in Greece; he writes about how frequent attempts (‘how Greece recovered from the most prolonged and traumatic experience of its brief life as a nation-state’ {p.21}) to restore justice and take legal action against collaborators were ruined by the re-emergence of the anticommunist right wing faction. Eleni Haidia’s essay â€Å"The Punishment of Collaborators in Northern Greece, 1945-1946† (Chapter 2) reviews trials of collaborators in Thessaloniki, revealing how the initial intention to mete out strong punishment eventually broke down and vanished after encountering malignancies such as improper administration practices, corruption, and lack of funding. Procopis Papastratis’ essay â€Å"Purging the University after Liberation† (Chapter 3) explores the efforts to cleanse Athens University of Germans and the pre-war Metaxas regime collaborators, telling how the University used academic and political tactics to successfully repulse the threat of cleansing it. Susanne-Sophia Spiliotis’ essay â€Å"An Affair

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Bristol 2015 Green Capital of Europe, impact report Assignment

Bristol 2015 Green Capital of Europe, impact report - Assignment Example These three classifications are also popular as the three Ps i.e. people, profit and planet (Slaper & Hall, 2011). The term ‘TBL’ was first initiated by John Elkington in the year 1995 but it was not so popular since the publication of his book on the topic of TBL. In 1997, he published his book namely â€Å"Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business† in order to focus on the significances of TBL within an organisation. According to John Elkington, TBL not only focuses on the economic value of the organisation but it reveals the social and environmental value. Nevertheless, in the initial stages of its invention, most of the organisations refused its adoption as they were acquainted with the traditional reporting structure. The report presented by Vandenberg (2002) said that a survey was conducted within 32 organisations and the result found was that most of them were puzzled regarding the philosophies laid down by the term TBL. However, in the later period of 2002, Frank Vanclay stated that almost 160 international organisations along with numerous government organisations have strongly adopted the philosophy of TBL. These companies that adopted the philosophy of TBL stated that the TBL should be implemented within the organisation as a particular business ethic but not as an accounting framework. It was recommended by them as a part of the best accounting structure for the company. Joanna Dickson Holmes agrees with John Elkington regarding the utility of the TBL as she also believes that the TBL of an organisation is measured not only on the basis of economic value but also the social and environmental value. He states that it is not always necessary that the environmental and social factors may be the value that it adds but it might be those factors which can cause damage to the organisation (Holmes, n.d). One of the renowned organizations, Cascade Engineering also states the utility of the TBL on the basis of e nvironmental capital, social capital and financial capital. They affirm that in their organisation, TBL serves as an instrument for accounting all the efforts of sustainability (Cascade Engineering, 2013). From the above definitions stated by the different authors, it has been observed that the TBL serves as an accounting structure and a sustainability effort in terms of social, economical and environmental factors. William McDonough and Michael Braungart state that the TBL is considered as a vital tool for maintaining a balance in the economic objectives of the organisation along with a desire to improve the environmental factors affecting the organisation. The TBL minimises the social and environmental liabilities owed by an organisation such as waste management and the efficiency of resources. It facilitates the managers of the organisation to identify the problems and to set up the strategies for mitigating the negative effects of those problems occurring within the organisation (McDonough & Braungart, 2002). The overall definition of TBL lies as the structure which measures the activities within the organisation on the basis of social, economical and environmental norms. It is generally used by the top management of the organisation in mitigating the negative effects of the organisation and setting up strategy for the growth and development of the organisation. The philosophy of TBL is related with the sustainability of the organisation. According to the business perspective of the organisatio

Technology Effects Essay Example for Free

Technology Effects Essay â€Å"The fact is we didn’t get along well until photography came into its own. Then motion pictures in the early twentieth century. Radio. Television. Things began to have a mass. † This statement that Captain Beatty made while having a conversation with Guy Montag, was stating how the society had changed once the technology grew. Fahrenheit 451 is mainly about the effects of technology and its effects on humanity. It is also involves the topic, censorship, but that did not have much effect on the society as technology did. In fact it was because of the misusage of technology, censorship was even being focused on. In this society houses have parlour walls and in Montag’s house three of the parlour walls are covered with’ wall screens’ or large TV that covers the entire wall. Montag’s wife, Mildred, hardly ever stops watching them. Mildred’s favorite programs are the shows that involved scripts- she was given a script so that she could ‘become’ a part of the shows from her own living room. People in this society even called the actors on these programs their ‘family’. One day Montag was sick and he couldn’t handle the noise of the parlour, so he asked his wife to turn it off. Even in a situation like that she had rejected his request and replied, â€Å"That’s my family. † The TV separates one from the rest of the world. It even replaces the meaning of what family actually is. The society does not realize how this useless machine is hypnotizing people in dangerous way. Still there is a censorship that states owning and reading books are illegal. That does not even effect one- fourth of the society, because no one has time for it anyway. The majority of the society is too busy keeping up with all their TV programs. That is what is really affecting the people. In Fahrenheit 451, TV is not the only technology product that isolates someone from everyone else. Seashell Radios do it also. A seashell radio is a ear device that produces calm ocean sounds throughout the entire day. A person carried away with the relaxation of this cannot think about anything. And because they can’t hear other sounds , they don’t want to socialize with others. It allows them to be in their own world. With a device like the seashell radio, it is not reasonable to have a censorship idea that the people don’t have time to think. It is not that they actually don’t have time to think instead, they are simply not making time. If the seashell radio was not invented they more likely would have been able to think more.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Garment dipping

Garment dipping Garment dipping What is a wrinkle free shirt? A wrinkle free shirt is a garment that has been treated in such a way that it preserves its shape, smooth appearance and creases after laundering. If the garment is tumble dried, little Ironing or No ironing is required. Wrinkle free materials can withstand even the roughest of treatment. Even though Wool is much stronger than cotton, this method is mostly done with cotton fabrics. Cellulosic fiber containing fabrics are made resistant to creases by the use of a durable wrinkle- free process which is composed of the treatment of a cellulosic fiber with formaldehyde, a resin with a catalyst, a softener, polywax emulsion and an Optical Brightening agent. The process is carried out in conditions at which the formaldehyde reacts with the cellulose in the presence of a catalyst and a softener to improve the wrinkle resistance of the fabric and better tear strength after laundering with less treatment. The most common agents that crosslinks among themselves and results in the wrinkle free finishes are often the derivative of Urea. Figure 1.0 show the crosslinking between DMDHEU (dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea) and DMEU (dimethylol ethylene urea) Figure 1.0 Nowadays most of the wrinkle free shirts are being composed of cotton and synthetic fibers even if the label states 100% cotton. Due to the loose regulations, a list additional materials is necessary in the fabric if the secondary fibers exceed a certain percentage of the entire garment which affects its quality and may result in shirts that dont last as long as they should. Some wrinkle free shirts are not meant to be pressed at a professional dry cleaner because the more the temperature is , the more exposed the shirts are to the discoloration of the resins used during manufacturing. What are the components that the resin is made up of? 1) Catalyst A catalyst is asubstance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction; hence a catalyst can be recovered chemically unchanged at the end of thereaction .The rate and speed of the reaction is positively affected by the presence of a catalyst. It speeds up the reaction and allows a better flow For chemicals to react with the cellulosic fibers, the ingredients involved in the reaction should have a rearrangement of chemical bonds. Energy is needed to form the transition state and it is called the energy of activation. Reactants with lower energy cannot react with high energy ones and this is where the catalyst is used so that it provides a different route for the reaction. The catalyst allows a greater proportion of reactant species so that they gain enough energy to pass through the transition state and complete the reaction. This will result into the perfect distribution of chemicals throughout the shirts. 2) Softeners There are normally 2 types of softener that are being used and it depends on the structure, colour and resistance of the fabric being used. i) An elastomer softener is used and it is an innovative finishing agent, mainly composed of multifunctional polyurethane. It enhances wrinkle recovery and prevents wrinkle of fabric. The softener also gives perfect elasticity to the fabrics and it does not cause yellowing on white fabrics. It is a clear viscous liquid with a pH of 6.5 , a nonionic substance and it is very soluble in water. Normally 1-4 % of the weight of the fabric is added with a pickup of 80% maximum. Curing should be performed at 180deg maximum. ii) A Silicone softener is also used and it a highly concentrated softener normally found in gel form. Silicone normally delivers excellence in softness and smoothness of garments. It gives the garments a durable soft handle and very smooth feel. It also increases crease recovery, shape depth and brilliancy when applied on dyed fabrics. It is a transparent liquid and is a blend of amino silicones and urethane. It is a non-ionic substance with a pH of 7 and is soluble in water. A pickup of 70-80% should be used and maximum temperature should be around 130 degrees. 3) Optical Brightening Agent Fibers contain natural or contaminant coloring matters are generally subjected to decolorisation by the different bleaching methods therefore chemical treatments need to be done so that every substance are neutralized and an optical brightening agent is used. In order to use an optical brightener for textile application, it should have a good solubility, good fastness properties, build up properties, exhaustion properties, effect of water hardness, good leveling and penetrating properties, should not absorb light , compatible with the other chemicals in the concentration and should be stable and fast to the oxidative and reductive bleaching agents. Types ofWrinkle Free Process of Cotton Shirts: This concept of non-iron shirts existed since the very roots of cotton shirt making decades ago. Polyester and other fibers were firstly tried but the result was just a failure and it is then that the consumers got to know about the positive properties of the cotton fiber. The ability of cotton fibers to hold moisture and release it controlled makes cotton one of the best fibers among all. It has got a good breathability and gives a feeling of comfort to the user. Since some 15 years back, new methods have been established to use chemicals with the cotton fiber in order to make them almost wrinkle free and there are mainly 4 types of methods that are used: †¢ Pre- Curing †¢ Post- Curing †¢ Dip- Spin †¢ Vapor – Phase Pre- Cured fabric: The fabric used can be a 100% cotton fabric or a cotton blend and as compared to the other processes, this method does not require any further heat treatment as curing has already been done prior to the manufacture of the shirt. The already finished fabric is resistant to wrinkles already. Post- Cured fabric: In this system also, 100% cotton fabric or cotton blends can be used and the fabric will be delivered with the curing chemicals found inside. After the shirt had been manufactured, it has to be ironed entirely and hanged inside an oven indicating a temperature of 130 °C to 150 °C. Dip- Spin system: This method is the most commonly used process to manufacture wrinkle free shirts and can be used both for 100% cotton and cotton blends. After the full assembling of the shirt, it will be dipped into a mixture of chemicals which will be absorbed by the cotton fibers. The shirt being moisturized is kept in a closed bucket and will be pressed entirely. After pressing, the shirts will be placed onto a hanger and will be sent to cure in an oven of about 140 °C for 5 minutes maximum. This one belongs to the most popular process for wrinkle free shirts and can be used for 100 % cotton fabrics or cotton blends. After the shirt is manufactured as usually, it will be dipped into a mixture of chemicals, which will be absorbed by the cotton fibres. After the treatment in a tumbler the shirt is still moisturized and has to be pressed entirely.After pressing the shirt will be put on a hanger and can be cured in a curing oven by about 140 °C for about 3 -5 min. After the curing process is over, all wrinkles will tay for life. A re-touching by an iron is impossible. This is the process that I will be emphasizing more in the following pages. Vapor – Phase: This method cannot be practiced in many countries as very aggressive chemicals are being used. It follows the same system as the Dip Spin and is manufactured in the same way. After the last pressing, a special curing over is used instead of liquid chemicals, gas chemicals are used to make the shirt wrinkle free. The gas circulating throughout the oven and gradually penetrates the cotton fiber. The gas has to be extracted later on and the products need to be washed in order to remove the excess chemicals left inside. Garment dipping in Mauritius I have explained above about the different components and processes towards the production of a Non-Iron shirt on foreign lands. Coming now to Mauritius where this process was implemented only by Laguna Clothing in the year 2012. It was introduced on a pilot project and several testing were conducted before taking any command from their abroad clients. Gradually the different machines like the sprayer, dryer, bulk press and the oven were installed. After 1 year they started to get demands to produce Non iron shirts and at first they produced around 500 shirts per day but with the increase in commands, they had to boost the production and nowadays they produce around 1000-1200 shirts per day according to the client specifications. Batches of 80-90 shirts are sent for processing at one go and it take approximately 1 hour to complete 4 steps that is after the removal from the oven and an additional 4 hours to complete the finishing of the product. More details will be provided in the sections to follow. The department consists of 5 huge machines, the sprayer, 3 dryers and 1 oven. Bulk press machine .. GAIN MAXIMUM INFORMATION ABOUT THIS WITH CEDRIC How is the whole process carried out? First and foremost size segregation is a compulsory step that needs to be done in order to develop a rapid flow of work. Each size has got a specific mould. The first step that is done is the size segregration which enables a rapid flow of work during the whole process The second step is the preparation of the chemicals that would be injected into the shirts. The clothes are inserted into a chemical injecting machine and the process lasts only for some minutes and after that the shirts are sent into a pre drying machine where they are dried at 50 % and kept humid. The shirts are then sent for bulk pressing under huge pressing machines. There are 5 different machines and each part of a given shirt has got its own specified machine. The collar, back , front , sleeves and cuffs are pressed and all these processes has to be completed into a given time period. The shirts are then sent into an oven in order to cure them. Wooden hangers are normally used at the temperature is usually high. The shirts are then sent into the cooling room where water are sprayed on them to cool them down and bring pores back to original form. Shirts are tested and sent for rinsing 20 times and curing is done. Tensile and tear strength tests are also carried out to determine whether the cloth can be dipped A grab test is used for woven and non woven

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Benefits and Strategies of Human Resource Development (HRD)

Benefits and Strategies of Human Resource Development (HRD) Introduction Human resource development coordinates the functions of training and development experiences in the organizations. In recent years the scope of human resource development (HRD) has expanded from simply providing training programmes to facilitating learning throughout the organization in a wide variety of ways. There is an increasing recognition that empoloyees can and should learn continuously, and they should learn from experience, from each other as well as from formally structured training programmes. Nevertheless, formal training is still essential for most organizations. 1.1 Training Defined. It is a systematic modification of behaviour through learning which occurs as a result education, instruction, development and planned experience. It is a learning experience in that it seeks a relatively permanent change in an individual that will improve the ability of performance on the job. Employee training is present-day oriented focuses on individuals, current jobs, enhancing specific skills and abilities to immediately perform their jobs. Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice or experience. Development focuses on future jobs in the organization. It seeks to improve a persons overall career prospect. It comprises series of planned training activities and experiences designed to improve managers performance. Activities include attending short courses, job rotation, understudying senior mangers, attachments, completion of long-term academic qualification in the management field. Education refers to activities that are aimed at developing the knowledge, skills, moral values and understanding required in all aspects of life. Its purpose is to provide the conditions essential to people to understand their environment and make a contribution to it. 1.2 SCOPE OF TRAINING Organizations provide training for many reasons: To orient new hires/employees To improve current performance for workers who are not performing well To prepare employees for future promotions, changes in design, processes, or technology in their present job To help organization achieve its purpose by adding value to its key resources (people). It means investing in people to enable them perform better and to empower them to make the best use of their natural abilities. To reduce the learning time for employees. Competitive pressures change the way organizations operate and skills that employees need. 1.3 Training as Related to Other HR Functions HRP identifies the skills and number of employees needed. Recruitment and selection function locates individuals with these skills in the labour market. Information on projected HR needs and probable qualifications helps determine amount and level of training to be provided. Performance evaluation specifies whether employees are performing to the desired standards and if not the employer discrepancies identified may signal the need for additional training. Performance evaluation may be used as criteria for evaluating training effectiveness. Training is pivotal in implementing organization-wide culture change efforts, e.g. developing a commitment to customer service, adopting total quality management etc. 1.4 Training benefits Minimizes learning costs Improves individual, team, and corporate performance in terms of output, quality, speed and overall productivity. Improves operational flexibility (multi-skilling) Attracts high quality of staff by developing their competences Increases commitment of staff. Help to manage change by increasing the understanding reasons to change Help to develop positive culture in the organization Help to provide high levels of service to customer. 2.0 Strategy and HRD Training can help an organization succeed in a number of ways. Ultimately it is employee knowledge and skills that produce the organizations products and services. Training facilitates the implementation of strategy in the following ways: Providing employees with the capability to perform their jobs in the manner dictated by strategy. Assisting in solving immediate business problems such as when managers in an action learning programme studies a real problem faced by their organization and recommend the solution. Helping the organization to keep ahead in a highly competitive and turbulent environment. The training function therefore, must foster a continuous learning culture and stimulate managers to reinvent their organization. Recent changes in the environment of business have made the HRD function even more important in helping organizations maintain competitiveness and prepare for the future. Technological innovations and the pressure of global competition have changed the ways organizations operate and the skills that their employees need. The tight labour market of the lat 2000s has increased the the importance of training in several ways: First, higher employee turnover means that more new employees need training. Second, it has been suggested tha frequent and relevant and relevant development experiences are an effective way to gain to gain employee royalty and enhance retention of top quality staff. Training must be tailored to fit an organizations strategy and structure. For instance, an organization whose strategy involves providing exceptional service through a committed, long -service cadre of a well qualified employees will need more complex training and career development systems than an organization that competes on the basis of simple, low-cost services provided by transcient, unskilled employees. The later will need a highly efficient orientation and basic training. Team- based high involvement organizations find that extensive training in team skills, as well as in individual job skills is necessary to make an innovative organization structure function as in tended. When strategy changes, training is needed to equip employees with the skills to meet new demands Training is seen as pivotal in implementing organization-wide culture -change efforts such developing a commitment to customer serviced, adopting a total quality management, or making a transition to self-directed work teams. PLANNED TRAINING A deliberate intervention aimed at achieving the learning necessary for improved job performance. Purposes: To identify and define training needs involves analyzing corporate, team, occupational, and individual needs to acquire skills knowledge or to improve competencies. Define the learning required Define the objectives of the learning learning objectives should be set which define not only what should be learnt but also what trainees must be able to do after their training programme. Plan training programmes these must be developed to meet the needs and objectives by using the right combination of training techniques and locations. Decide who provides the programme either from within or from outside the organization Implement the training ensure that the most appropriate methods are used o enable to acquire the skills, knowledge and attitudes they need. Identification of Training Needs (Training Needs Assessment) It is an investigation that is undertaken to determine the nature of performance problems in order to establish underlying causes and how these can be addressed trough training. It can be undertaken to identify and justify developmental needs trying to prepare people to take extra responsibilities in future. Purpose and Methods of TNA The choice of methods and sources of information depends partly on the purpose of the training. If it is to improve employees performance and identifying performance deficiencies in the present job, the trainer must begin by looking at present performance to identify the performance deficiencies. Sources of information for this include supervisors and clients complaints, performance appraisal data, objective measures of output or quality or even conducting special performance tests to determine current knowledge and skill levels of employees. Individual or group interviews with superiors, incumbents or even clients. Once performance deficiencies have been identified, next step is to determine whether these deficiencies can be addressed by training. In some cases motivation, constraints, or poor task design can be the cause. If training is planned for current employee destined for promotion or transfer, needs assessment is more complex. The training specialist must measure the demands of the future job and then attempt to assess the ability of employees to meet those demands. If training is destined for new hires, the method must be slightly different. Training is designed on the basis of careful analysis of job content and the assumed characteristics of the trainees. Three Levels of Needs Assessment. Company level: Involves organizational analysis looking at how the training fits within the context of company strategy. Concern should be at issues pertaining to changes that have occurred in the organization e.g. organizational structure, process technology, production problems, human resource plans reputation with competitors, personnel statistics, customer complaints, employee behaviour, retention and motivation strategies Job/Task Analysis: use of job description job specification kind of skills, and knowledge required to perform the job be clearly established Individual levels: identify who should be trained current level of individual skills, knowledge and abilities performance standard of individuals training programme attended. IDENTIFY TRAINING OBJECTIVES Translate the needs identified at those levels into measurable objectives that can guide the training effort. PLAN TRAINING PROGMME It should contain objectives of the training programme Objectives should be the criterion behaviour i.e. the standards or changes of behaviour on the job to be achieved after training. It should have clear contents of what to be covered Length of the programme Where it will take place Techniques to be used Who will provide the training TRAINING METHODS On -the-job training: conducted at the work site and in the context of actual job. Learning by trial and error Sitting next to experienced worker Coaching: Experienced managers guide the actions of of junior or less experienced mangers. Job rotation-involves moving employees to various positions in the organization in an effort to expand their skills, knowledge, and abilities. It can be either horizontal or vertical (promoting employee to new position). It is a good method for broadening individuals exposure to company operations and for turning a specialist into a generalist. Job rotation provides an opportunity for a comprehensive evaluation of the employee by his/her supervisors Assistant to positions: Employees with potential are sometimes given opportunity to work under seasoned and successful managers in different areas in the organization. It helps to get exposure to a wide variety of management activities and are groomed for assuming duties of the next higher level. Committee assignment: It provides an opportunity for the employee to share in decision making, to learn by watching others, and to investigate specific problems. Committees can either task forces (which are temporary in nature), or permanent one. Advantages: the transfer of training to the job is maximized. costs of separating training facility and full- time trainer is avoided trainee motivation remains high because what they learn is job related. OFF-THE JOB TRAINING It is a formal method considered as an incentive, mostly organized in exotic places or in colleges and universities. This approach may not provide as much transfer to actual job as do on -the job programs. Methods include: Lectures and seminars: The traditional form of instruction revolves around formal lecture courses and seminars. They help individuals to acquire knowledge and develop their conceptual and analytical abilities. Simulations: Training technique using exercises based on actual work experiences. Exercises include case study analysis, role playing, business games etc. Team Building: It is the process of enhancing the effectiveness of teams. It helps employees develop capacity of work groups to interact more effectively and develop skills. LEARNING THEORIES They attempt to explain how learning occurs. Stimulus- Response school Cognitive School The Stimulus -Response School (Behaviourial school) Learning is the development of links between stimulus and response. Theorists interested in demonstrating how links can be encouraged, and the way in which experience of other stimuli can change bonds. Specifically, people must be stimulated by learning by the learning process. This school is based on conditioning theories Classical conditioning by Pavlov(1941) Operant conditioning by Skinner, 1953) Classical conditioning Behaviour is learned by repetitive association between a stimuli and a response. Stimulus observable condition that can give rise to behaviour. Response objective manifestation of behaviour Conditioning a process whereby an association is formed between a stimulus and a response Pavlov did an experiment with a dog using an unconditioned stimulus (meat) and a conditioned stimulus (bell). Experiment Before conditioning: Meat( unconditioned stimulus) Dog salivates(un Res) During conditioning: Meat + Bell (cond. Stimulus) Dog salivates (cond. Res.) After conditioning: Bell ringing (cond. Resp Dog salivates Implications: the experiment shows that learning can be transferred to higher order conditioned stimulus other than those used in original conditioning. However, it is difficult to trace exactly the cause effect relationship of the such behaviour. Operant Conditioning ( Skinner- 1953) A type of learning that involves an increase in the probability of a response occurring as a function of reinforcement. Suggests that people emit response that are rewarded Human beings learn behaviours that are rewarded and they will engage in those behaviours. Implications: In organizations, behaviours are learned, controlled , and altered by consequences managers use. Operant conditioning is used to influence behaviours by designing suitable reward systems. Cognitive Learning Theory It involves gaining knowledge and understanding by absorbing information in the form of principles, concepts and facts, and then internalizing it. Learners are regarded as powerful information processing machines Social Learning Theory It states that effective learning requires interaction. People participate in groups of people with shared expertise, and these are the primary sources of learning. Principles of Learning Goal Setting Individual behaviour is influenced by their conscious goals Hard goals result in better performance Learning objectives must be clearly conveyed to trainees Goals must be difficult enough to challenge individuals but not to discourage them Finishing the programme must be supplemented with evaluations, tests, quizzes or any reward. Reinforcement It consists of giving reward following performance of activity that increases the likelihood to perform the activity again. Trainee should know what specific behaviours are expected of him/her Reinforcement be related to these behaviours Reinforcement be prompt and continuous when trainee begins to learn new behaviour. Reinforcements must be effective and should very from individual to individual. Feedback (Knowledge of Results): Feedback with a directional function provides information about behaviour necessary to improve performance Feedback with motivational function provides information about outcome of behaviour that needs to rewarded Behaviour Modeling: People tend to pattern their behaviour with that of their associates, parents, friends, and acquitances etc. Much of the human behaviour is learned by observing others. EVALUATION: It is an attempt to obtain information (feedback) on the effects of a training programme, and to assess the value of the training in light of that information. Evaluation helps to know whether the progamme was worthwhile in terms of cost-benefit terms. It is difficult because it is difficult to set measurable objectives and to collect results the information on the results. Evaluation levels: Reactions: the reactions of participants to the training experience Learning: At this level it requires the measurement of how trainees have learnt as a result of their training new knowledge and skills acquired. Job behaviour: measuring the extent to which participants have applied their learning on the job. Assessing the amount of transfer of learning that has taken place from off the job courses. Organization: attempting to measure the effect of changes in the job behaviour of trainees on the functioning of the organization. E.g. improvements in output, productivity, quality, turnover. . PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Designing appraisal system Should reflect the needs of those concerned (organization) to collect information for personnel decision making and distribution of rewards. Should be related to longer- term needs of the organization e.g. kind of staff and how they will be developed. Should act as a consultation process: There should be a degree of compromise between the people involved in pursuit of the commitment to the system. Organizational structure and culture dynamically related and should be considered in designing of the system. E.g. a highly structured bureaucratic company will have a different system as compared to a company with a decentralized flat structure. WHO SHOULD BE APPRAISED? Self Appraisal: Reduces defensiveness Individual becomes motivated and committed Disadvantage: Leniency error. Peer Evaluation: May be accurate Appropriate for developmental purposes Useful when supervisor has no chance to observe the employee Can work well in teamwork. Disadvantage: Friendship bias. Immediate superior: Has knowledge of the tasks performed by individual Superiors Superior: He can countersign supervisors appraisal of the employee in approval indicating the process is fair He may directly carry out the appraisal 360- Degree appraisal: An appraisal device that seeks performance feedback from such sources as oneself, bosses, team members, customers and suppliers. It has more accurate feedback, empowering employees, and reduces the subjective factors in the evaluation process Assessment Centres: Assessment centers are most often used in appraising potential superiors and managers. Assessment centres use tests, group exercises and interviews to appraise potentials. MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO) It is an approach to performance appraisal which emphasizes the need to assess performance with reference: agreed output, tasks to be accomplished or standards of performance. It involves three steps: The employee meets the supervisor and agrees on a set of goals and standards to be achieved during a specific period of time. Goals should be quantifiable and agreed targets. Monitoring progress : employee left free to determine how to achieve the goals At the end of the set period, supervisor and employee meet to evaluate whether goals were achieved and decide together for the new set of goals. Feedback of Results (PA Interview) Before employees are told to improve their performance after appraisal, they must know how they are currently doing. Feedback Interview is a discussion between the supervisor and the employee concerning the employees past performance and how it wiil be improved in the future. Approaches to Feedback Interview Tell and Sell: -The supervisor tells the employee how good or bad the employees performance has been. He attempts to persuade the employee to accept his judgement. The employee has no input in the evaluation The discussion is directive and one sided. Problems Can lead to defensiveness, resentment, and frustration. Subordinate may not accept results and not be committed to achieving goals. Tell and Listen: Supervisor tells the employee what has been right or wrong, and gives him/her a chance to react. Employee participates in the interview by reacting to supervisors statement. Problem Solving: The employee has much more control over the interview He evaluates his/ her performance and sets own goals for future performance Supervisor is helper rather than judge There is an open dialogue in which goals for improvement are established mutually Advantages: It can lead to employee commitment to established goals

Monday, August 19, 2019

Essay --

WikiLeaks: It’s Effect on the American and World Society By: Sam Karnan WikiLeaks has created an enormous effect on American society and the world in terms of national security and government transparency. WikiLeaks was created as a not-for-profit media organization whose main goal is to bring important news and information to the public. Much of the information that WikiLeaks has published would be considered sensitive material and extremely classified by the US Government and many other governments across the world. Background WikiLeaks.org was officially founded on October 4th, 2006 (Wall Street Journal). It operates from servers based in Sweden where it is illegal to reveal anonymous sources, whether they are one’s own or someone else’s. WikiLeaks was created with a goal of â€Å"promoting truth† (Wikileaks.org) in order to fight against government and corporation corruption. The main face of WikiLeaks is Julian Assange. He is an Australian journalist, editor, publisher and activist. Assange was described by his father (Brett Assange) as â€Å"a sharp kid that always fought for this underdog.† (The secret life of Julian Assange, 2010). Assange had a talent for hacking computers and has faced over 30 charges of hacking in Australia. Another high-profile face of WikiLeaks was Daniel Domscheit-Berg. He is most famous for the falling out he had with Assange and subsequently opening the curtains on the organization that opened the curtains on many other governments and corporations. Domscheit-Berg is a German technology activist that best became known for deleting at least 3000 unreleased documents, including a complete US No-Fly list, from WikiLeaks when he left the organization. After leaving the organization Domscheit-Berg state... ...N, 2013) Most recently, Edward Snowden who is a former CIA employee and NSA contactor released over 200,000 documents to the press. These documents contained information about the mass NSA surveillance program in the US as well as US surveillance on other countries. Snowden is considered a fugitive by the American government and is living in Russia under temporary asylum. (NSA Releases Some Files On Electronic Surveillance, NPR, 2013) WikiLeaks has changed the way governments operate. Due to the release of all these high profile documents, both the American people and people in other countries expect their governments’ to show a higher level of transparency. In this age where anything can be posted online or released to the press, whistleblowing has become much more common. This can be attributed to the effect WikiLeaks had on both the American and world society.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Bermuda Triangle Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Bermuda Triangle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is the Bermuda Triangle really a place where strange powers are at work? The Bermuda Triangle is a very complex and mystifying area that is noted for a high incidence of unexplained losses of ships, small boats, and aircraft. From reading this paper one will learn geographic features of the Bermuda Triangle, famous disappearances, and possible explanations for them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a section of the western Atlantic, off the southeast coast of the United States, forming what has been termed a triangle. It extends from Bermuda in the north to southern Florida, and then west to a point through the Bahamas past Puerto Rico to about 40* west latitude, and then back again to Bermuda (Gaffron 14). This area occupies a disturbing and almost unbelievable place in the world’s catalogue of unexplainable mysteries. In the Bermuda Triangle more than 100 planes and ships have literally vanished into thin air, most of them since 1945. More than 1,000 lives have been lost in the past twenty-six years, without a single body or even a piece of wreckage from the vanishing planes or ships having been found. Disappearances continue to occur with apparently increasing frequency, in spite of the fact that the seaways and airways are today more traveled, searches are more thorough, and records are more carefully kept (Berlitz 1). During the past century more than 50 ships and 20 aircraft sailed into oblivion in the area known as the Bermuda Triangle. Exactly what happened to the ships and aircraft is unknown. Most disappeared without a trace. Few distress calls and little, if any, debris signaled their disappearance (Baumann 44).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ships and Planes Disappeared in the Last Century  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1900-1919  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1920-1939  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1940-1959  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1960-1979  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1980-1999  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total Ships  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...hat time does not always travel in a straight line, but that parts of it occasionally break off and head away from the main flow, carrying with them whatever might happen to be in the area. These lost vessels and their occupants might be trapped in a parallel universe. Like the eddies found in ocean currents, these time eddies would strike suddenly and unpredictably (Gaffron 74).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taken one at a time, logical explanations can be found for most of the disappearances. Many deny that there is a great mystery in the Bermuda Triangle. But where is the Cyclops? Why wasn’t even a scrap of metal found from Flight 19? Until these and many more questions are answered, the mystery remains. Works Cited Baumann, Elwood D. The Devil’s Triangle. New York: Franklin Watts, 1976. Berlitz, Charles. The Bermuda Triangle. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc.,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1974. Cusack, Michael J. Is There a Bermuda Triangle?: Science and Sea Mysteries. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Julian Messner, 1976. Gaffron, Norma. The Bermuda Triangle: Opposing Viewpoints. St. Paul, MN: Greenhaven   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press, Inc., 1988.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Gwen Harwood Essay

Poetry creatively captures human experience, emotion and nature. Gwen Harwood employs a range of literary and poetic techniques such as imagery, religious allusions and personification to demonstrate the universality of concepts such as loss, death, memory and childhood. Through this, Harwood’s poetry to creates clear and strong perceptions of the continuity of experience and provide permanence to these transient elements of humanity. In ‘Triste, Triste’, Harwood explores the core themes of post coital sadness and the contradictory nature of the physical and spiritual realms that are created by the human body. These aspects all pertain to the human experience and growth of oneself. That is, the physicality of the skeleton, or frame, and the intellectual and creative importance of the brain as a muscle. The meaning of the word â€Å"Triste† is sad and mournful hence the repetition of this word in the title is indicative of Harwood’s reflection on the loss of inspiration. In the first stanza, a yearning and apparent need for ongoing physical passion in the continuous â€Å"space between love and sleep† presents the notion of sleep and its ironically nurturing qualities for the mind and the body despite the idleness of the body during this time of restoration. The phrase furthermore provokes the reader to reflect on such moments in their own life, and to reflect on â€Å"space† with renewed significance and how important it is for the brain and the self. Harwood describes this process as a â€Å"prison†, â€Å"eyes against shoulder keep their blood black curtains tight†¦ body rolls back like a stone.† Parallels are drawn between the ideal that the imagination is a separate entity and the separation between the physical skull and its place for the brain to reside, the brain resembles the imagination or factory of creativity. The poem makes specific and clear biblical references to the Resurrection through imagery furthermore providing to the creative self, as it is aligned with the Christ, walking â€Å"to Easter light†. The necessity of the escapism and discovery of spiritual intensity is strongly reinforced. In addition to the biblical references, divine imagery is implied through the ‘Angelic lightà ¢â‚¬â„¢. The continuing use of personification and imagery encourages the reader to value the indistinct moments of passionate afterglow as opportunity to liberate the imagination. Harwood creates distinctiveness between the divine light present in the second stanza along with the â€Å"darkness† of tangible â€Å"sleep and love† through her use of enjambment and repetition which draws attention to the ending of imaginative inspiration. In the last stanza, Harwood recombines the spirit with the corporal self which ultimately conveys the necessity of intimacy physically and the evanescence of imaginative passion. Additionally, the physical self along with the emotional self, are brought together as one entity which cannot exist without the other thus they possess equal importance and value, despite having separate functions. Throughout the poem Gwen Harwood reinforces the paradox that implies that extreme pleasure must coincide with extreme pain. In addition to her references to loss and sadness, Gwen Harwood amalgamates various elements of human experience through the reflection of memory as a primary theme. The importance of memory is expressed through harmonizing various layers of an individual’s life and their shared experiences to create a wholeness that reconciles one with the finality of death. This concept is expressed through common themes of childhood, friendship and loss allowing her ideas to rest strongly with the reader. ‘At Mornington’ is a reflection on mortality, and the value of memory in terms of appreciating life. The thematic concerns of loss and grief unravel through the first stanza. The persona describes her relationship with her father and establishes him as a protective figure through her pondering of childhood memories. This motif of water is representative of serenity, peace and reflection which is furthermore established through the personification of the â€Å"wave† which was â€Å"caught† and â€Å"rolled†. Harwood distinguishes the finality and formality of death, which is conveyed in the poem through the dull imagery, the durability of â€Å"marble and granite† gravestones with the fragility of memory, â€Å"fugitive as light† to convey the gravitational stance of human life as opposed to the perceptions of experience that we choose to retain in our memory. A connection is made between memory and loss as they are both products of the past and Harwood uses this to reflect on the significance of valuing the present. This is furthered through the â€Å"the wholeness of this day† shared between two friends. The poem is established through Harwood’s memory of her early childhood when she â€Å"leapt† from her father’s arms into the sea. She views her childish persistence, evidently through the repetition of â€Å"the next wave†. This concept is again reinforced through the blue brain referencing water and the sea with an underlying commentary on the qualities of water and childhood alike. This concept of childhood memory is later referenced in Harwood’s image of pumpkins â€Å"rising†¦in airy defiance of nature†, a metaphor for her constant trials against the inevitability of death and emergence in â€Å"the fastness of light†. The tone of the poem becomes reflective as the persona and her friend ‘stand in silence amongst the avenues of the dead’, which creates a need for solace and comfort. The silence of a dead human being is furthermore referenced through the image of the skull as it resembles the result of death. Reflection is regarded highly throughout ‘At Mornington’ hence the ongoing reference to silence is important as relfection requires silence and tranquillity. The innocent belief that defying gravity ‘was only a matter of balance’ is reflected in the persona’s present longing to transcend the gravity of death ‘in airy defiance of nature’. The idea of memory is furthered through the use of a dream whereby the persona begins to reconcile transient life with death. The raw and accentuated emotion of the poem turns sober reflection where the persona ‘thinks of death no more’ but is able to confront death through the experience of ‘dreams, pain, memories, love and grief’. From dwelling on mortality emerges a serenity and acceptance inspired by unifying the inescapability of death with an acceptance of human nature and an appreciation of memory and friendship. Likewise, in her poem â€Å"The Violets†, Harwood blends the emotion of grief with a reflection on memory in order to achieve a state of reconciliation. The first stanza depicts a â€Å"melancholy† setting where â€Å"frail† violets excite the persona’s recollection of a poignant childhood experience. Harwood’s adult grief is mirrored by her juvenile outrage at the time which had been â€Å"stolen† from her, and like death, the loss of time is irreplaceable. However the child is ultimately â€Å"reconciled† by the â€Å"sweetness† of the persona’s parents, depicted through Harwood’s use of domestic, homely imagery of the â€Å"long hair† and â€Å"wood stove†. There is a conviction in â€Å"years cannot move† that conveys a sudden awareness that memory’s â€Å"lamplit presences† can in times of despair, be as real to individuals as the present, and so a source of solace. The idea of there being consolation in loss is one that will resonate with readers searching for relief, and the lingering â€Å"scent of violets† shows the longevity of memory and conveys it as eternal, continuing the presence of those physically lost. Gwen Harwood explores and delves into the themes of time, death, childhood and loss which are all intrinsic to human experience. She effectively employs a range of poetic and literary techniques to explore transience, finality and the imperative role of memory.

Instruction on how to Write an Essay (Two Possible Career Choices)

In this assignment, students will analyze two possible career choices of their choosing, and then write a formal analytical report effectively presenting a recommendation to pursue one of the careers. This project has two parts: Part one, the Table of Contents and Introductory Section, is due at the end of week 6. Part two, the report in its entirety, is due at the end of week 8. Students are encouraged to begin work on this project no later than week 5, reading the project directions, reading Chapters 13, 14, and 15, and, if time permits, doing preliminary research.Formal Report Topic This assignment is based on you choosing two possible career choices you would recommend to an employee, client or professional contact. Here’s the situation: You are to choose two possible career choices. Your report should include the following: Information and background about your two career choices. Research from at least six credible sources to inform your audience and to support the recom mendation(s) APA citations for all researched information (in-text parenthetical citations and a reference list at the end of the report) Formal report formattingYou will need to conduct outside research and cite your sources using APA citations. Conclude the formal report by making recommendations to your audience. Your report MUST be formatted as a formal report.Part One (Due Week 6) Table of Contents and Introduction Your assignment this week is to write your formal report’s table of contents and introduction, using formal formatting. To complete this assignment, you will need to have a good plan in place for your formal report. I encourage you to use the three-step process we’ve been studying this session. (The  formal report is due in its entirety at the end of week 8. In week 6, only the table of contents and introduction are due.)In week 6, your assignment should include the following:A table of contents using formal report formatting. (Note that page numbers are not necessary this week, as you will not have written the actual report yet. Page numbers should be added next week, though, when you complete the report.) The table of contents should include first- and second-level headings, like the example on page 437 in chapter 15. Include an introductory section featuring the following four parts (see page 439 in chapter 15 for an example.IntroductionPurpose, Scope, and Limitations Sources and Methods Report Organization Identify at least six credible sources you will use in your proposal in the â€Å"Sources and Methods† section. Use formal report formatting. Be free of grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.Part Two (Due Week 8) Formal Report in Full In week 6, you planned the formal report and wrote the Table of Contents and Introduction. In week 8, you will complete the formal report. (You may need to revise the Table of Contents and Introduction, based on the feedback you receive from your instructor.) In week 8, your assign ment should contain the following:Be formatted as a formal report, following the guidelines for formal reports in the text (including the guidelines for headings and subheadings found on pages 435-448); Include appropriate prefatory, text, and supplemental parts (The formal report should contain appropriate prefatory, text, and supplemental parts, including the following: a cover and/or title page; a letter of transmittal; a table of contents; the four-part Introductory Section from week 6; appropriately labeled body sections; and appendices, such as the client interview and list of references. Your report does not  need to contain all of these parts, but should contain most of them.); Fully answer the question of what career would you recommend to an employee, client or professional contact.The word count for the intro, body, and conclusion should be 1250-1750 words); Use at least six credible researched sources appropriately and effectively; Include proper documentation using AP A style (both in-text and end-of-text citations–please check your work using turnitin.com); and Be free of spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors.Note: Visual aids are entirely appropriate for this kind of report, but they are not required. If you decide to use visual aids, be certain to adhere to the standards we have studied previously in this course.How the Formal Report Assignment is Graded The Formal Report Assignment will be graded according to the criteria set forth in the Rubrics for weeks 6 and 7/8, located in Doc Sharing.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Differences Between Beowulf and Achilles Essay

Beowulf and Achilles are different in many ways; one of which is their character. Beowulf is a great warrior and leader who fought to protect his soldiers and to make places more peaceful. He also perfectly embodies the values of loyalty, pride, and courtesy. Achilles, on the other hand, is not as heroic as Beowulf, even thought he was also a great warrior and had superhuman strength, he mostly fought for revenge, social position, and power. He was driven by a thirst for glory. Beowulf went on journeys because he wanted to show people that he is a reliable leader and that he can fight pretty much anyone from monsters to dragons and all the other kind of creatures. He also wanted to show people how brave and protective he was. Like the story of his fight with Grendel shows everyone how smart he is about certain things and how he is not afraid of doing anything. The part of the story where Beowulf killed the sea monster shows that he is a reliable warrior and that he gets his job done no matter what he has to do. As I stated earlier, Achilles mostly fought for social position and power, and the death of his best friend Patroclus, didn’t make Achilles more deliberative or self-reflective, wrath, pride, and bloodlust still consumed him. Achilles would also sacrifice everything just so that his name would be remembered. Which shows that the only that he mostly cares about was himself and what people thought of him. In my opinion Beowulf is more courageous because he would do just about anything to protect his people and that he is not afraid of anything. He also does that so people would find him as a reliable leader and wouldn’t be afraid to be his followers. I also think that he is more like a true epic hero because unlike Achilles, Beowulf isn’t selfish and he doesn’t seek for power or glory. He was a great warrior even though he didn’t become a king for many years. Beowulf was also more reliable than Achilles, because Beowulf cared about everyone, not just himself unlike Achilles.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis Essay

Political parties Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political parties are present in nations all over the world and politicians use parties as a way to outline their efforts in order to be elected. Political parties can be seen as social movements, with politicians trying to persuade people to consider their party. However, they have created legitimacy in a nation with widespread approval of institutional or government power. Although political parties have varying ranks of participation in their corresponding governments, many nations are used to permit members of several political parties to be represented in  the ratio with a prevalent electoral vote. Moreover, other nations comprise of only one political  party and still other nations are controlled by a small number of political parties. Consequently, political system of America has extensively been described as a â€Å"two political  parties’ nation. This has endured persistent, although the political parties which were in charge have been modified and there are a number of outlooks as to why this is so (De Leon, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two major parties in the United State have failed to meet the expectations of their followers. Their supporters are looking forward for a day when other political parties will have a say in the United State, a day when they will vote for a president from another party other than the Democrat or Republican. Is not that they are no other political parties in the United State, but there are small parties that cannot fit in the current political system (Mann, 2013). Two-party system was introduced in the United State by Alexander Hamilton’s with an aim of introducing a new political era. The system was effective because there was healthy competition between the Republicans and the Democrats for many years. However, this system has been misused by the current political leaders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Popkin (2012), in the past, Republican were known for their interest on matters of private enterprise and government while the Democrats were well known for their fighting spirit when it comes to the issues of the common man and labor rights. Currently there has been a dramatic change in these responsibilities because politicians of both parties have become selfish, self-centered and corrupt. Republicans leader’s supports lobbying groups which they well know that they have huge number of followers; a good example is the gay marriage group which was in support by the republicans in 2012 presidential elections. The common people are left to suffer and that is a good reason why voters are looking for another presidential candidate from a different party other than republicans or democrats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United State needs another party which will be moderate. Citizens need a party that will consider the rights of all citizens regardless of their race, gender or financial status. A party that will not support lobbying groups and its leaders will not be self-centered or corrupt. The moderate party will be run with transparency and thus they will be free to tell the truth to its followers. This party will force the democrats and the republicans to change their leadership system, and thus the Democrats and the Republican will try to copy the moderate party policies. All that is the dream of the voters who are tired of the two-party system in the United State and maybe it will come to reality one day (Ornstein, 2013).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The republicans and the democrats have a strong influence in the government because they believe if they are in the government, they have the rules. This slogan makes it hard for other parties to rise inthe United States (Mair, 2005). The two parties are rich and thus they have all the money to support their presidential candidates. This enhances the popularity of the candidate and thus they end up winning the elections. The solution to this dominance of the two political parties is that all the presidential candidates should be publically funded so that they can be given equal amount of money for their campaigns. Voters now will be free to elect leaders not because of their political parties or financial status but because of their ideology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The topic of the two political parties in the United State and the demand for a change from the voters is interesting to everybody in the whole world. People all over the world find this topic of political system in the United State interesting because of its uniqueness. Many democratic countries have multi-party system where various political parties are involved in the government compared to the United State where there are only two horses. A lot of people tend to study this topic in order to know how the government is run by the two parties, how elections are conducted with only two candidates and why the other parties fail to rise in this system. Demand by voters for another moderate party is the most interesting issue in this topic, but will the current dominance of the republicans and democrats allow this change? And who will introduce this moderate party? This is the most interesting topic in the Americans politics (McAuliffe, 2007) .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The current evolution of politics in the United States must include numerous political parties to vie for the presidency position and other positions. The idea of considering only two parties does not fulfill the rights of political development in any governing nation and inclusion of third parties should mostly be deliberated. Though the American political structure has reliably been in this two party system, third parties occasionally stimulate elections and the candidates for those third party still sometime obtain elected posts in various states. The two party system is an influential system of politics because the two parties recognizes their mutual interests and they can keep for third party from gaining popularity and impact (Holt, 1992). New parties bring new ideas and philosophies in the world of politics. Collaboration of the two main parties to keep any other competitor party from gaining ground extremely brings a difficult chal lenge to any incoming third party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the representation of the Green Party in the 1984 election, where it acted as the third party, deduction can be made that third parties have lacked interest in politics. Inclusion of third parties comprises much significance to many citizens and the same time offer great threat to the dominating parties. Third parties embrace people who feel strongly about a certain issue because that party focuses exclusively on it and this party can be closely tied to a particular region, which can raise their appeal. A third political party suggests numerous government practices and policies which lead to progress in a state generally. Third parties accomplish an impression on the political landscape and they have been having more achievement in elections than before (Conor and Lem, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If there is an inclusion of a third party in the current politics of the United States, major and prominent parties (Republican and Democrat) can address positively on divisible problems due to pressure and stiff competition. Moreover, third party like the Green Party can challenge one of the dominant party on various issues such as social justice while the other third party can position problems to the other major party. In simple terms, candidates of third party speak more honestly and freely than their major party opponents, addressing issues and facts that the foremost parties would often prefer to disregard. The reason behind this is because third parties usually consider themselves as having little chance of winning thus displaying their infidelity to the citizens (Hirano, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Snyder and Hirano (2007) have stated various factors which have potentially contributed to the existence of a two party system in the United States. One of the factors that influence mostly is the state of the economy in America. The state of the economy in America discourages the third party due to its necessities since third parties are just developing parties. Therefore, they do not have adequate funds to manage the status of the economy. High cost of political campaigns contributes greatly to lack of third political in the politics of the United States. The cost of managing and maintaining campaigns in all states of America is extremely high and this is a disadvantage to third parties because of inadequate funds. In addition, the rise of candidate-centered politics and political power at the national level has resulted to the two party system. However, electoral legislation which has influenced America is the Australian ballot whereby it involves restrictions as to who can appear on it. These limits create high obstacles which can only be controlled by any political with high amount of money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, these views and opinions can be considered as theory which needs to be validated in the political system of America. All factors leading to the deterioration of third parties can be tied to diversity. A great compact of resistance happens between political parties due to pressure on competition of generating voters thus strengthening the democracy of a nation. Existence of political parties ensures that there is no political perspective ignored and may be the reason the two party systems is well accepted in America. Generally, the dominance of third party in the political system of America will highly influence and modify its development. The foundation of all factors that are hindering the existence of a third party is based on the current political system in America and this gives an impression that with most factors considered, it is possible for things to change. References De Leon, C. (2004). â€Å"Radicals in Our Midst: the American Critique of Capitalism in Hirano, S. and James M. Snyder, Jr. (2007). â€Å"The Decline of Third-Party Voting in the United States† The Journal of Politics, 69:1.Holt, M. F. (1992). Political parties and American political development: From the age of Jackson to the age of Lincoln. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Lem, S. B., and Conor M. D. (2006). â€Å"Picking Their Spots: Minor PartyCandidates in Gubernatorial Elections† Political Research Quarterly, 59:3. Saved April 6, 2012. Available: JSTOR Mann, T. E., & Ornstein, N. J. (2013). It’s even worse than it looks: How the American constitutional system collided with the new politics of extremism. New York: Basic Books. McAuliffe, T., & Kettmann, S. (2007). What a party!: My life among Democrats : presidents, candidates, donors, activists, alligators, and other wild animals. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. Popkin, S. L. (2012). The candidate: What it takes to win, and hold, the White House. New York: Oxford University Press. Sartori, G., & Mair, P. (2005). Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. Colchester: ECPR. The Chicago Two-Party System, 1833-1867.† Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of  the American Sociological Association San Francisco, California. Source document