Misinterpretation of Reality in Othello by William Shakespeare Essay

Misinterpretation of Reality in Othello Othello, by William Shakespeare, is a miscellany of love, sexual passion and the deadly power of jealousy. Shakespeare has created an erotic thriller based on a human emotion that people are all long-familiar with. There is an extraordinary fusion of geeks with different passions in Othello. Every character is motivated by a different desire. Shakespeare mesmerizes the reader by manipulating his characters abilities to cover and discern what is happening in reality. It is this misinterpretation of reality that leads to the erroneous perceptions that all(prenominal) character holds. After reading this tragedy, the depth of Shakespeares characters continue to raise legion(predicate) questions in the minds of the reader. The way I percieve the character of Othello and what concerns me, is that Othello is able to come to such a quick transition from love to hate of Desdemona. In get along 3, Scene 3, Othello states, If she b e false, O, then heaven mocks itself Ill not believe t. (lines 294-295) moreover only a couple hundred lines later he says, Ill photograph her to pieces (line 447) and says that his mind will never transmute from the tyrannous hate (line 464) he now harbors. Does Othello make the transition just because he is so successfully manipulated by Iago? Or is there something particular about his character which makes him make this quick change? I believe that jealousy is too bare(a) of a term to describe Othello. I think that Othellos rapid change from love to hate for Desdemona is fostered partly by an inferiority complex. He appears to be insecure in his love for Desdemona (as well as i... ...mply be percieved as extraordinary. Works Cited and Consulted Alexander, Peter. Shakespeare. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1964. Greene, Gayle. This That You Call Love Sexual and Social Tragedy in Othello. in Shakespeare and Gender A History. Deborah E. Baker and Ivo Kamps. New Yor k Verso, 1995. 47-62. Mason, H.A. Shakespeares Tragedies of Love. New York Barnes and Noble. 1970. Neely, chant Thomas. Women and custody in Othello What should such a fool/Do with so pricey a woman? In Broken Nuptials in Shakespeares Plays. Carol Thomas Neely. New Haven Yale University Press, 1985. Othellos Occupation. The Norton Shakespeare Workshop. Mark Rose, ed. CD-ROM. W.W. Norton, 1998. Shakespeare, William. Othello. The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. 2100-2172.

Management function Essay

During week two the mathematical group was presented with new information that helpered to teach different aspects of proviso as a management function. The different types of provision include strategic, operational, and t sufficeical planning. Strategic planning involves looking into the long term goals and plans. Tactical planning translates broad goals and strategies into proper(postnominal) actions to be taken within different parts of an agreement. Operation planning is the specific short term procedures d single at lower levels of the organization.As problems in various companies were identified by the class a mug up analysis was something that could be used to see what weaknesses, threats, strengths, and opportunities an organization has to combat issues. This is actually important to see what the organization is doing wrong or right to help strengthen and decrease weaknesses and threats. It also helps a federation to find its strengths and tenuous on them and to loo k for opportunities within the society. Then there ar the threats to the company that we tin try and get rid of like competition. Core competencies can be discovered during this process that gives firms a competitive advantage.We discussed how organizations can go along competitive by choosing strategy options that competitors are unwilling or unable(p) to imitate. In making sure that plans are successful managers have to film sure they implement their strategies effectively and efficiently.Learning morality and why they are vital to the hiring process was reviewed. Business ethics are the moral principles and standards that act as a guide for how those in the business concern world should act. different ethical systems include universalism, egoism, utilitarianism, relativism, and virtue ethics. Egoism is doing the right thing that is best(p) for one person where utilitarianism is doing the right thing for the group. Relativism is a fun one that influences business because it is based on opinions and behaviors. Corporate social responsibility or CSR is an organizations obligation toward society.It was observed how ethical decision making is important in the business environment. Management has to consider all facts and how decisions will affect the organization on a short and long term basis. An example is an employee victimisation paid work time to surf the Internet this causes lost wages for the company and could cause viruses to the company software by using outside company sites. In talking about ethics the topic of Greenwashing was mentioned. Greenwashing is the misleading of consumers concerning the environmental benefits of a product or serve and it was discovered that several companies are guilty of this.In considering what a business needs to have customers value them brand committedness was learned. Brand trueheartedty in relation to price is seen because as consumers become more liege to certain brands they are less sensitive to the c hanges in price. Consumers who are devoted to a brand feel that there is not another company who is able to imitate the one they have chosen to be loyal to.

The dictionary definition

The dictionary definition of a lingual chat is stated as a system of communicating consisting of functions, intelligence agencys and grammar, or the system of communicating used by the people of a rummy state or profession in Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary ( 2nd edition, 2005 ) . And that means, larning a linguistic communication to pass on decently in that linguistic communication requires get the hanging exclusively parts of a linguistic communication system such the wording, the grammar and the sound system. Harmonizing to Dawani ( 2006 ) in order to pass on in a linguistic communication whiz should analyze a balance of four primary linguistic communication acquisitions which be denotation, listening, composing, and speech production. That s wherefore tuition and rating of these accomplishments have ever been peculiarly of import.In this paper, the rating of star of the four basic linguistic communication accomplishments, viz. Reading skill pull up stak es be discussed in item. However it is indispensable to put both(prenominal) basic facts close to reading before get downing to discussion its rating.Reading in a different linguistic communication has traditionally stemmed from the demand of accessing the written literature of a higher(prenominal) civilization. afterwards with the visual aspect of communicative attack, alternatively of high civilization literature, reading texts started to be chosen harmonizing to the reading purposes like utilizing mundane stuffs such as newspaper articles, coach agendas, etc. , for intents to gear up communicative competency. As a consequence, instruction of reading and reading drills at any degrees became a profound portion of linguistic communication instruction.As a definition, reading accomplishment is called an expertness which turns composing into significance and enables the eloquence and comprehension of the proprietor. Agring that, Rasinski ( 2004 ) provinces, dead-on(prenominal) and spontaneous decryption of the wrangling by giving expressive readings of it to accomplish maximal comprehension means reading eloquence. Consequently, reading does non simply average accurate decryption of the words like instructors thought for old ages. And that s why the appraisal of reading should affect the ability of eloquence and comprehension, for certain.From another lodge of position, harmonizing to Stages of Reading Development of Chall s ( 1983 ) Reading is a accomplishment which develops by dint of approximately phases and a uninterrupted procedure. Agring that, Beers ( 2006 ) adds that in instance of a slew in a reading development phase, pupils will fight in their reading ability and finally this will too impact their composing accomplishments. That s why instructors should be entirely attentive to pupils comprehension of all(prenominal) phase of reading procedure before go oning with the following degree. Harmonizing to Carnine &038 A Silbert ( 2004 ) , Appraisals supply the information that will enable pedagogues to supply childs with direction that starts where they are and so construct on that base to assist kids progress to the higher levels. ( p. 13-15 )As it is evident from all these research workers statements, the rating of reading is a important portion of learning a linguistic communication. Although most of the researches of that discipline unite in the importance of rating, they differ in the sentiments for the rating mediums. No affair how much a peculiar rating type is praised by pedagogues, in world all of them has some advantages and disadvantages and usage of these rating types is further a affair of penchant.Hughes ( 2007 ) states that, all appraisals are fundamentally designed to develop the acquisition of pupils. As it is stated in Hughes ( 2007 ) , appraisal is the procedure of multitude information from a assortment of beginningsSupplying pupils with descriptive feedback for future developmentMiscue AnalysisIn this type of appraisal, the slides a kid makes during the reading procedure are diagnosed. Using this method, a instructor can be more easy cognizant of the pupils comprehension by toneing at the errors he/she makes.The 6 Types of MiscuesCorrection A child self-corrects his/her mistake and re-reads the section/word without motivating.Interpolation A kid adds a a couple of(prenominal) words which are non on the page.Omission A kid omits a word while reading.Repeat A kid repeats a word or part of the text.Reversal A kid will modify by reversal the order of the text or the word.Substitution A kid inserts a different word, alternatively of reading a detail word.Some regulations about utilizing solecism analysis hold unfamiliar text, non something the kid knows from memory.Do non utilize miscue analysis on novice lecturersGive the pupil some pick in the reading choice.You will necessitate a cool off topographic point without breaks, it can be really ready to drop dea d to enter the kid which provides you with an chance to listen to the handing over more than one time.Photocopy the choice the pupil will read, utilize this to enter the miscues.Record each miscue. ( Use hypens for skipped words, commemorate each commutation ( Internet Explorer, went for when ) , use for interpolation and record the word ( s ) , circle omitted words, underline repeated words, you may besides desire to utilize // for repeated words.What do the miscues tell you?CorrectionThis is sizable We want lecturers to self-correct. However is the reader reading excessively fast? Is the reader mis-correcting accurate reading? If so, the reader frequently does nt see himself as a good reader.InterpolationDoes the inserted word detract from intending? If non, it may merely intend the reader is doing star but besides inserts. The reader may besides be reading excessively fast. If the interpolation is something like utilizing finished for coating, this should be addressed.Omi ssionWhen words are omitted, it may intend weaker ocular trailing. Determine if the significance of the transition is affected or non. If non, skips can besides be the consequence of non concentrating or reading excessively fast. It may besides intend the sight vocabulary is weaker.RepeatTonss of repeat may intend that the text degree is excessively hard. sometimes readers repeat when they re unsure and will reiterate the word ( s ) to do sense of the transition.ReversalWatch for altered significance. Many reversals happen with unvaned readers with high frequence words of for for etc.SubstitutionsSometimes a kid will utilize a permutation because they do nt understand the word organism read. Does the permutation make sense in the transition, is it a logical permutation?In SummaryUsing miscue analysis is an of import diagnostic tool that should be done every 6-8 hebdomads to see how the reader is bettering in the schemes used. Making sense of the miscues will assist you with follow ing stairss to better the kid s reading. It is worthwhile to hold a few inquiries prepared that Lashkar-e-Taiba you know about the kid s comprehension of the transition read as miscue analysis tends to trust on reding you of the schemes used. Miscue analysis may look clip devouring ab initio, nevertheless, the more you do, the easier the procedure gets.

Driving towards a disruption? Essay

1.For worry procreation, who is the customer and what is the product? Please justify your solvingThe target segment of HBS programs differ according to the nature of cultivational programs, change from corporate executive level managers to employees. the target group argon in general working professionals who afford having high standard furrow commandment and seeking career progress.In the early years, HBS started providing management education with the concentrate on on sectors which dominated the industrial revolution railroads, automobile manufacturing and finance. Nowadays, executive education is a major activity in HBS along with an extensive array of programs as well as custom programs. Inanition, Harvard Business print is considered to be a strong source of current and future mental hospital in business publishing.2.What are the dimensions of performance? Does the HBS product overserve?High standard education with the supreme ranking, HBS provides outstanding busine ss education through its famous cheek method of discussion based learning. Innovation through Harvard Business Publishing is considered to be a strong source of current and future innovation in business publishing. Flexibility flexibility is highly prized for organizations in verge of program objectives, time and innovation. Student retention and liegety HBS alumni were remarkably succesful in a wide range of professions and they have been generous in pay the school.Yes HBS to some extent is over serving as it is providing supererogatory materials and creating extra pressure on students, the curriculum HBS adopted is genuinely enlarge.3.If you think HBS is insulated from disruption, are the circumstances right more broadly in the industry? Yes, HBS is insulated from disruption. As HBS is ranked as the best business school in the world, it birth the ability and innovation to overcome internal disruption and to remain frontward of business education. The advantages of HBS areHBS developed an innovative publishing house which supports in revenue and in cross segment growthHBS publishes its own illustration studies and articles which are purchased and used by some other business schoolsOnline courses to compete with other institutes. This shows a tendency to exceed in current trendsSuccessful and loyal alumni. Building an influenced network is challenging quest but once achieved its very difficult to overcomeHBS is facing heavy competition from online based business education such as Stanford university, Princeton university, university of phoenix and university of Columbia, who provide flexible, quality and comparatively affordable education. furthermore, large companies such as GE, Deloitte and Goldman Sachs have started their own universities of management education to their employees.Nevertheless, the long-term effect of this competition will be bound as HBS have started new and innovative short-term and cutom management programs that meet the equity and quality of HBS. furthermore, HBS have started online management programs.

Bullying in Nursing

ballyrag In Nursing Cassandra Owens Recently, during one of our weekend shifts, the unit was almost to capacity with each bear having the max return of patients we were allowed to consume. Our sister unit is the unit that gets our over flow at one time we atomic number 18 no longer adequate to accept whatsoever to a greater extent patients. The advocate nurse was a young Army Lieutenant and new to world a charge nurse. When the nurse supervisor called to nonify us of other admission, the charge nurse informed her that although we were able to accept two more patients, our sister unit only had five patients.She then asked if the other patients could be tell to the other unit. The supervisor proceeded to yell at her so gilded over the phone that we could hear it, stating she would take any admission she strikeed towards her. Just because she was a new Lieutenant it would behoove her to mind her ingest floor. Our head nurse was nonified and she spoke with the supervi sor, unless the damage had been make. The nurse is at once very hesitant when she has to be charge and tries to change shifts so she result not have to do it.Bullying has been receiving a mass amount of worry due to recent horrible snatchs that have been committed against individuals who are considered helpless and/or weak. From psychological damage to physical harm or eve death, bully is a phenomenon that can be damaging to an individual, group or community. This fact holds true on the professional side as well. Bullying in the nursing profession has been increasingly reported over the agone decade. Although bullying miens are unfortunately common acts committed by physicians, patients, and patients families, nurses withal engage in bullying of their colleagues.With this recent increase, it is grand to under pay the honest and healthy electric outlets associated with this behavior. Considering that the nursing profession has topped the key of the most honest and good professions for eleven years in a row, it is concerning that nurses would engage in behaviors that have been described as humiliating, intimidating, threatening, or humiliate aimed at their own colleagues (Matt, 2012). There are detailed figures of moral philosophy in place that are supposed to provide guidelines for honourable character. Yet, espite these guidelines, nurses engage in the aforementioned behaviors targeting their subordinates and peers. What Is Bullying/Workplace Bullying? Bullying is known by legion(predicate) names aggression, incivility, mobbing, horizontal or lateral violence and determent are some of the synonyms that are associated with the term (Murray, 2009). Workplace bullying is a serious issue affecting the nursing profession. It is defined as any type of repetitive abuse in which the victim of bullying behavior suffers verbal abuse, threats or behaviors by the perpetrator that interfere with his or her task perfor creationce (Murray, 2009).Of ten, rickplace bullying involves abuse and/or misuse or power and authority within an organization. Bullying behaviors create feelings of defenselessness in the victim and significantly demoralize his or her right to dignity in the workplace (Murray, 2009). Looking back at the example in the introduction, later on the nurse spoke with others who have been charge and had to deal with the supervisor, it was found that many of the other nurses were treated the same federal agency. The supervisor only spoke and behaved that way to nurses who were new to the charge nurse position.As it is a requirement for military nurses to act as charge nurse in order to get leadership experience, the supervisor liked to target the newer nurses because she could intimidate them. Nursing leaders essential be able to work with others to achieve common goals and be able to assess and develop new opportunities for nurses (Finkelman, 2012). This supervisor creates such a unfriendly and uncomfortable e nvironment the nurses were hesitant to approach her for any type of guidance for fear of being belittled. Ethical and Legal ConsiderationsThere are several ethical principals, virtues of moral character and codes that are violated by nurses who engage in bullying behaviors. One principal is nonmaleficence, which is defined as requiring one to not engage in infliction of evil or harm on another (Matt, 2012). Since bullying behaviors have the specific intent of humiliating and humbling another, nurses who bully others violate this principle. Justice is another principle that has many descriptions, but the most basic is fair treatment of all. All workers have a right to a safe and healthy work environment gum olibanum bullying behaviors violate the principle of justice.Bullying behavior also violate moral virtues that are associated with nursing. Discernment is the ability to make fitting judgments and reach decisions without being unduly influenced by fears (Matt, 2012). This virt ue was definitely violated by my nursing supervisor. Nurses who bully also violate the virtues of compassion, integrity, and conscience all characteristics that show the nurse demonstrate weak moral character as well as weak Christian values and characteristics. There are two ethical codes that are violated by nurses who participate in bullying behaviors.The commencement ceremony is the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses (Matt, 2012). There are many elements that the code addresses, but when pertain to bullying, the code that is violated pertains to nurses and coworkers. It states that, the nurse sustains a reconciling relationship with coworkers in nursing and other fields (Matt, 2012). Of course, the ANA Code of ethics is violated specifically provision six which states that, the nurse participates in establishing, maintaining and up healthcare environments and conditions of employment. through individual and collective action (Finkelman, 2012).Bull ying behaviors once again defeat these purposes. Although there are currently no laws in the US specifically targeting workplace bullying, as of May 2011, 16 bills addressing the issue were active in 11 states (The Healthy Workplace Campaign) (Matt, 2012). Violations are also addressed under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). Violations of these regulations whitethorn result in citations and penalties ranging from temporary closure of a business to fines up to $70,000 per incident if an employer willfully or repeatedly violates the requirements (Matt, 2012).Not only is the employer subject to legal consequences, but the nurse who does the bullying can and will be held responsible as well. No one should be subjected to this type of difficulty slice at work. Conclusion Healthcare leaders have a tariff to employees and the public to provide work environments that are free from abuse and agony When workplace bullying has been identified it is up to leaders to take enamo ur action to ensure the abuse stops, the person is held accountable and steps are taken to ensure it does not happen again.Bullying not only affects the healthcare providers who are being targeted, but it affects the healthcare organizations as well. It is reported that bullying in the workplace can cost over $4 zillion a year (Murray, 2009). It contributes to increased work dissatisfaction, absence from work and work-related injuries. infirmary administrators, human resource manages and nurse managers must educate themselves to ensure they have a clear understanding of their own responsibilities for providing a safe work environment. Individual nurses must educate themselves as well and not stand for bullying nor participate in bullying behavior.I believe nursing is a blessing and a gift from God an artistic ability that not everyone is capable of doing. When a person decides to that advantage of this gift and blessing, it is disrespectful to the characteristics of God, which, if study closely, are directly aligned with the virtues of nursing. I feel the following versus are direct words from God that hold us accountable for our behavior when it comes to nursing and taking care of others, be it our patients or our coworkers 1 commode 317 But whoever has the worlds goods, and beholds his brother in need and closes his means against him, how does the love of God abide in him? Philippians 24 do not merely look out for your own personal interests, but also for the interests of others. and Galatians 610 So then, while we have opportunity, let us do good to all men, and especially to those who are of the sept of the faith. (Society, 1999). How can we say we love God, yet do our fellow man wrong? We have to take a close look in the mirror daily and seek Gods guidance to direct our paths, because if what we do is not pleasing to God, its all being done in vain. References Finkelman, A. 2012). Leadership and management for nurses Core competencies for quality care (2nd ed. ). top(prenominal) Saddle River, NJ Pearson. Matt, S. B. (2012). Ehtical and legal issues associated with bullying in the nursing profession. ledger of Nursing Law, 9-13. Murray, J. S. (2009). Workplace bullying in nursing A job that cant be ignored. Medsurg Nursing, 273-6. Society, I. B. (1999). Comparative Study Bible King James Version, Amplified Bible, radical American Standard, New International Version. Grand Rapids Zondervan.

Oil and Gas Accounting Essay

If operation is conducted to a lower place Lease or c at onceding agreement, it is unlikely that the engage would contain supply that would permit bell convalescence of these cost If the operation is conducted under a psc or risk dish step forward agreement, the contractor may be permitted to recover G& angstromG related cost incurred after permit acquisition and possibly G& international ampereG be incurred before license acquisition Support equipment and facilities embody of acquiring deport equipment and facilities should be capitalized Any related depreciation or operating be become an exploration, discipline or drudgery cost, as appropriate. EntriesDb G&G outgo depreciation Cr Accumulated DepreciationDb G&G disbursal-operating cost Cr moneyReprocessing SeismicHow to account for cost of re-evaluation or reprocessing of the training? If the reprocessing relates to the search for embrocate consequently it should be accounted for according to SE provisio ns regarding prospecting and non patterning exploration be. If the purpose is to determine how best to develop the militia in the field, then they should be capitalized as development cost. License acquisition be be of evaluating business environment, feeling tribute, negotiating, etc should be capitalized intromission Db intangible assets- unverified airscrew Cr CashDevelopment and deed bon holdsIf the payment is very a deferred signing bonus, the appropriate accounting treatment is to capitalize the development bonus as a license acquisition cost. Accrue once the trading operations ar app arntly proceeding to the development phase. Entries To record touch modality bonus Db Intangible Assets un prove airplane propeller Cr Cash To transfer unproved quality be to proved ascribable to commercialized discovery Db Proved post Cr unproved spotTo record accrual of action bonus Proved property Cr production bonus payable To record payment of production bonus Db tak e bonus payable Cr Cash inside be relating to acquisitionCan every(prenominal)ocate capitalized costs to individual licenses acquired, on an acreage flat coat or an a potential licenses basis cost of carrying and retaining unproved properties be relating to maintaining unproved properties be charged to put down as incurred Ex delay rentals paid on carry mineral properties until qualify work is commenced, property levyes, accounting costs, legal costs impediment of unproved propertyImpairment has occurred if in that respect is some indication that the capitalized cost of an unproved property is greater than the future economic benefits expected to be derived from the property. under SE, loss should be currentized. Negative G&G in organic law and prohibitionist holes would typic eachy suggest that part of the propertys historical cost has expired and impairment should be recognized Db Impairment expense Cr eachowance for impairmentFASB permits impairment of individu ally peanut properties on a group basis. Apply the impairment percentage to the meat cost of the group of individually insignifi usher outt unproved properties. This determines the desired eternal rest in the modification for impairment account. Next the difference between the authentic balance and the desired balance is recognized as impairment expense. Entry Impairment Expense Cr Allowance for impairment, group basis defection of unproved propertyFull abandonment When an individually significant license theatre is addicted, its net capitalized acquisition costs should be charged to downfall and abandonment expense Ex Db Surrender and abandonment expense (equal to acquisition cost) Db Allowance for impairment (balance) Cr unproved property Partial Abandonment or RelinquishmentsIf the partial abandonment reflects a diminishment in the comp eachs assessment of the future economic benefit of the property, then the entire property should be assessed for additional impairment . Unproved property miscellaneaAn unproved property should be reclassified to a proved property stipulation if and when commercial reserves atomic number 18 discovered on the property. Ex Db Tangible Assets- proved property (acquisition costs) Db Impairment Allowance (balance) Cr In tangible assets- unproved property Sales of unproved propertyIf the property was individually significant, a gain or loss should be recognized on the sale. Ex Db Cash (sale price) Db allowance for impairment (balance) Db/Cr(gain or loss) Cr unproved property If the property was individually insignificant, a gain should be recognized only if the marketing price exceeds the original cost of the property. Loss recognition is not allowed. CHAPTER 5 news report for explorative Drilling and assessment CostsUnder SE, normal nondrilling exploratory costs atomic number 18 to be charged to expense as incurred exploratory drilling font costs be initially capitalized. Exploratory Well- rise drill to find and bring on anoint or heavy weapon in an unproved area to find a new germ in a another beginning or to extend a know reservoir. Stratigraphic test closely- drilling effort to obtain information pertaining to a specialised geologic condition. Exploratory type if drilled in a proved area, development type if drilled in a proved area. Exploration hygienic- advantageously drilled to discover whether oil colour colour or foul up exists in a previously unproved geological structure Appraisal intumesce- well drill to determine the size, characteristics, and commercial potential of a reservoir by digging an exploratory well. Classifying Drilling costsSeparate intangible drilling costs (IDC) from equipment costs. IDC deducted in year incurred for US tax law. Equipment costs may be depreciated over 7-10 years. Besides tax purposes, distinction has no significance Targeted DepthWhen evaluating after drilling if commercial reserves drop been discovered, the drilling in pr ogress account balances are transferred to another type of asset account that will be subject to depreciation The early successful exploratory wells cost will be reclassified from an unproved to a proved property account If well is unrealised, stopper and abandon hole and charges these costs to prohibitionist hole expense, net any equipment salvaged from well. If the license area is also relinquished, the net carrying value must be pen off. Capitalized G&GSE- G&G costs are to be charged to expense as incurred. occurrent systems may capitalize 3D and 4D seismic methods employ to determine drill sites. Time Limit on exploration and evaluation or estimate costsIn order for cost to be capitalized in SE, there must be identifiable future benefit. IF an exploratory wwell has found oil reserves in an area requiring major capital expenditure to be classified as proved. In this case, the cost of drilling the exploratory well shall continue to be carried as an asset as long as 1. The well has found a sufficient quantity of reserves to exempt its finale and 2. Drilling of the additional swell is under way or planned for the near future All other wells, sshall not be carried as an asset for to a greater extent than one year following completion of drilling Post-balance Sheet PeriodGAAP provisions that relate to information about conditions that existed at the balance sheet date or that became know after the end of the power point but before the financial statements are issued. If well is determined dry, capitalized costs are written off to dry hole expense If commercial reserves are found, the capitalized drilling costs are transferred to the wells and equipment accounts All the capitalized costs of an exploratory well are typically reclassified as dry hole expense or as wells and related equipment Cost approval, budget and monitoringAFE- Authorization for expenditureCHAPTER 6Drilling And Development Costs- US SEDevelopment costs- costs incurred to obtain access to proved reserves and to provide facilities for extracting, treating, gathering and storing the oil and shove along. More specifically, development costs, including depreciation and applicable operating costs of support equipment and facilities and other costs incurred to Gain access to and prepare well locations for drilling, including surveying, draining, roadway building, etc Drill and equip developmental wells, including costs of platforms Acquire, construct and install production facilities such as lease flow lines, separators, etc Provide improved convalescence systemsDevelopment well- well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive Service well- completed for the purpose of supporting production in an existing field. Development type stratigraphic well- stratigraphic test well drilled in a proved area Capitalization of Development-Related G&G Exploration CostsRequires capita lization of G&G in development activities. Unless it is performed on a development land area but to an unknown structure- expensed. If 3d seismic is being used to line of business the reservoir and perhaps where addition development wells should be drilled, theoretically the cost should be capitalized to the field as development cost. operating costAs a general rule, all G&A is expensed, merely where the company has a defined method for allocation is permitted to capitalize these costs as part of development Capitalization of Depreciation of Equip and FacilitiesDepending on nature, costs can be expensed or capitalizedCapitalization of Financing CostsCapitalization of relate requires that a portion of take costs incurred during the pull phase of assets should be capitalized as a part of the cost of the self-constructed asset. Interest capitalization only applies to qualifying assets 1. Assets that are constructed or otherwise produced for an endeavours own use 2. Assets mean for sale or lease that are constructed or otherwise produced as discrete projects (ships or real estate developments) Amount to interest to capitalize- the portion of interest costs incurred during the period when the asset is being constructed that could wealthy person been avoided if the spending on the asset had not been made. Capitalization period shall begin when 3 conditions are met Expenditures for asset have been madeActivities that are necessary to get the asset ready for its intended use are in progress Interest cost is being incurredOnce production begins- depreciate capitalized costsSole Risk or Carried InterestsIf an asset requires a period of fourth dimension in which to carry out the activities necessary to bring it to that condition and location, the interest cost incurred during that period as a result of expenditures for the asset is a part of the historical cost of acquiring the asset. CHAPTER 9Production CostsCosts of labor to make for the wells and related equipment and facilities Repairs and maintenanceMaterials, supplies, and fuel consumed and services utilized in operating the wells and related equipment and facilities Property taxes and insurance applicable to proved properties and wells and related equipment and facilities Severance taxesDepreciation, depletion and amortizationAccounting for Production CostsAll costs relating to production activities, including workover costs incurred solely to maintain or increase levels of production from an existing completion interval, shall be charged to expense as incurred. An expenditure that enhances original performance of the well should be capitalized Materials and supplies- capitalize if used in drilling or development. If used in make or maintenance, they should be expensed. Recompletions- typically involve entering an existing well and deepening or plugging back in order to achieve production in a new formation or a regularize in an existing formation. In a currently or p reviously producing formation or zone should be treated as an expense since the purpose is to restore production without an increase in commercial reserves If the objective is to develop reserves in a new formation or find new reserves, the activity would be new drilling. (drilling costs could be exploratory or development rather than production) Costs should then be capitalized or expensed depending on SE or FC and on solvent of drilling Taxes (severance or production) should be expensed as production costs stark naked vegetable oil Production1 Barrel = 42 gallons of oil at 60 degrees FAPI gloom (measure of density) of oil = the higher, the lighter the oil All crude contains BS&W- basic sediments and waterDisposition unqualified sales, direct supply, indirect supply, exchanges, fraccers, or oil used in operations Gas measurementMeasurement in mcf is affected by temperature., pressure, compressibility, gravity etc Standard pressure is 14.73 pounds per square inch at 60 d egrees Fahrenheit(postnominal) Pre AcquisitionAcquisitionExploratoryDevelopmentProductionList the quaternary Oil & Gas Agreements used on a oecumenical basis and describe each one.1. US Domestic lease agreement- an oil and gas lease grants to the oil and gas company the right and indebtedness to operate a property. This includes the right to explore for, develop and produce oil and gas from the property and also obligates the company to pay all costs. (Company is a working interest owner). All costs, all risk. Payment of a signature bonus to mineral rights owner or a royalty.2. Concession agreement- encountered in operations outside the united states where the mineral rights owner is the local government. sometimes the government is involved with a joint working interest. Payment of a bonus by the oil company to the government at the time the contract is signed. Payment of a royalty to the government. Responsible for paying all of the costs incurred in developing.3. Risk servi ce agreement- oil companies erform workovers aimed at restoring or stimulating production including application of current technology to currently producing fields. grant to national government at contract signing. Government retains ownership of reserve. Oil company incurs all costs and risks. Operating and capital costs incurred are recovered through payment of operating and capital fees. Government may participate in operations as a working interest owner.4. Production Sharing contracts- companies obtain the rights from the government to explore for, develop and produce oil and gas. Company pays bonus to national government at contract date. Pays royalties to government. Government maintains ownership of reserves. Companies incur all risk and costs. Company involve to spend a predetermined amount of money, which is recoverable from future production. 2.) get wind the life cycle (Phases) of an Oil & Gas Project. Include the Accounting Treatment (ie. Successful Efforts or Full Cost Pool) for each phase. 1. Pre-license prospecting- geological evaluation of relatively large areas before acquisition of petroleum rights. Analyzing G&G data.Successful Efforts (SE) regularityThe Financial Accounting Standards display panel (FASB) has issued FASB Statement No. 19 dealing with the successful efforts method. Under the SE method, costs incurred in searching for, acquiring, and developing oil and gas reserves are capitalized if they directly result in producing reserves. Costs which are referable to activities that do not result in finding, acquiring, or developing specific reserves are charged to expense. The cost center for the SE method is a lease, field, or reservoir. The various types of costs are treated under the SE method as follows1. Acquisition Costs They are capitalized to unverified property until proved reserves are found or until the property is abandoned or impaired (a partial abandonment). If adequate reserves are discovered, the propert y is reclassified from unproven property to proven property. For tax purposes, acquisition costs are handled the same way except the cost cannot be partly written off as an impairment expense. The property must be abandoned before any cost may be written off.2. Exploration Costs They are recorded in two diametric ways, depending upon the type of costs incurred.a. Nondrilling Costs Examples of these type of costs are geological and geophysical (G & G) costs, costs of carrying and retaining undeveloped properties, and dry hole and merchantman hole contributions. These types of costs are expensed as they are incurred. For tax purposes, nondrilling costs are capitalized to the applicable property.b. Drilling Costs They are treated other than depending on whether the well drilled is classified as an exploratory well or a developmental well. An exploratory well is a well drilled in an unproven area. A developmental well is a well drilled to produce from a proven reservoir.1) If an exploratory well is a dry hole, the costs incurred in drilling the well are expensed. If the exploratory well is successful, the costs incurred in drilling the well are capitalized to wells and related equipment and facilities.2) The costs incurred in drilling developmental wells are capitalized to related equipment and facilities even if a dry hole is drilled.The costs associated with tangible well equipment and facilities are capitalized, regardless of the type of well drilled. For tax purposes, certain costs associated with such equipment are eligible for treatment as deductible IDC. Tax depreciation methods unremarkably allow for a more accelerated rate of depreciation than bind or financial depreciation. Also, withstand depreciation will be computed on 1-10the developmental dry holes and IDC which are capitalized for book purposes but expensed for tax purposes. Therefore, an M-1 adjustment will be indispensable on the difference between the amount of book and tax depreci ation.3. Production Costs These costs are expensed as incurred, which is the same treatment used for tax purposes. It should be noted, however, that many taxpayers erroneously expense overhead attributable to either acquisition or exploration activities as production costs. Overhead attributable to acquisition and exploration costs must be capitalized. 4. Depletion This usually requires an M-1 adjustment. Although the cost depletion formula is the same for book and tax purposes, the amount for the basis used in the computation of cost depletion will vary due to the difference in capitalization. In addition, many taxpayers will be allowed to use a larger percentage depletion deductionFull Cost MethodUnder the FC method, all costs incurred in exploring, acquiring, and developing oil and gas reserves in a cost center are capitalized. geologic and geophysical (G & G) studies, successful and unsuccessful, are capitalized for book and financial purposes. For tax purposes, successfu l G & G costs are capitalized and unsuccessful G & G costs are expensed. An M-1 adjustment is necessary for the amount of unsuccessful G & G costs expensed. support rental costs are capitalized for book and financial purposes.Exploratory dry hole costs are capitalized for book and financial purposes. For tax purposes, all dry hole costs (exploratory or developmental) are capitalized unless the taxpayer elects to expense them. Since around taxpayers expense these costs for tax purposes, an M-1 adjustment is required. Impaired or abandoned property costs remain capitalized in the cost center for book and financial purposes. For tax purposes, no deduction is allowed unless a property is tout ensemble worthless. An M-1 adjustment is required only when an abandonment is claimed for tax purposes.General and administrative costs which are not associated with acquisition, exploration, and development activities are expensed. However, overhead that can be associated with acquisi tion, exploration, and development activities is capitalized. The costs are handled the same way for tax purposes. Depletion usually will require an M-1 adjustment. In many instances, taxpayers may be able to claim a larger percentage depletion deduction in lieu of cost depletion. Even where cost depletion is claimed for book and financial purposes because of the unlike capitalization rules, the amount of cost depletion allowable will vary.

Ken Wilber

The man who, for many yen snip, has been acknowledge by colleagues as the leading theoretician of mind and trans private psychology, Ken Wilber, was natural in 1948 in Oklahoma City, to some(prenominal) devoted parents. Wilbers intellect has been hailed as truly extraordinary in its penetrating, synthesizing, and discriminative capacities. His knowledge of psychology, philosophy, sociology, comparative religion, mysticism, anthropology, and veritable(a) hard sciences such as biochemistry and physics is virtu altogethery encyclopedic, but, most importantly, he has whatever geniusal run across with the states and levels of consciousness about which he writes.Although he sure should non be viewed as only an intellectual, his affinity for the mental and ghostly realms, as opposed to the bodily and emotional realms, is give notice. Likewise, although his passion is greater for transpersonal than prepersonal and personal stages of developing, he has n peerlesstheless consi stently emphasized the dire need to grant and embrace a full-spectrum view of consciousness and homoitys send out thitherin.Life and Major WorksWilber grew up in Lincoln, Nebraska. His father was an air force pipicer. As a youth, he was traceed in the world of natural sciences, biology, chemistry and mathematics. Referring to his late high-school and ahead of time college days, Wilber notes, My mental youth was an idyll of precision and accuracy, a fortress of the clear and evident. (Wilber 58) His encounter with the Tao-te-Ching changed invariablyything It was as if I were existenceness exposed, for the very low time, to an sightly new and drastically different world -a world beyond the sensical, a world outside of science, and therefore a world quite beyond my self. (Wilber 58)From here on, the investigation of the world beyond the personal self save accessible to humanity consciousness became a passion that involved not just Wilbers intellect but his entire being. B eginning in his primeval twenties and continuing to this day, he has taken up training in various meditative practices such as Zen and Dzogchen (a get of Tibetan Buddhism) that would enable him to walk the terrain he charts in his writings.Wilber dropped out of graduate studies in biochemistry to devote himself fulltime to the pursuit of his research and writing about consciousness. His first study book, The Spectrum of Consciousness written in 1977, was a synthesis of Hesperian psychological theories and therapies with Eastern apparitional disciplines. From this time onward, Wilber supported himself by his sustain writings, vitality outside of institutional affiliations and commitments, extra to develop and express his own bringing close togethers, free to live a emotional statestyle of contemplation and writing. To balance mental and spiritual work with embodied living, he at times engaged in manual labor, such as working in gas carry (Wilber 88).Several books and ove r a hundred journal articles soon appeared. The Atman Project 1980 traffic circle forth a vastly expanded framework for human development from infancy to adulthood and beyond into transpersonal stages described by diverse contemplative disciplines. Up from Eden (1981b) presented a detailed map of the evolution of the human mind and consciousness deep down this framework. The popular No Boundary (1981a), explains Wilbers primaeval ideas in a highly readable style, while some of his to a greater extent technical works such as Eye to Eye The Questfor the current Paradigm for the New Paradigm (1990a) discuss the epistemological bases of knowing in the various sciences and how these could be expanded to accommodate the fun spectrum of consciousness.Wilbers ideas, larger than t unmatched and expressed by dint of a virile and often sharply comminuted writing style, feed left few readers neutral or indifferent. oer the age he has engaged in lively debates with people who collect taken issue with his controversial ideas, including other prominent theorists in transpersonal psychology. most of these debates were carried on in the scallywags of journals and in his most recent books. Few of his colleagues in transpersonal and consciousness studies have met him in person. To their chagrin, Wilber guards his privacy carefully and rarely makes an expression in public.He initially accepted invitations to teach, lecture, and give interviews but then speedily pulled back from such activity, as he felt thrown off center by the attention and admiration from his audiences. Regarding this experience, Wilber said in an interview, What you startle are a lot of people telling you how great you are. in spite of appearance a short time, you start believing them, and then youre headed for disaster. I barely did not feel competent to appear in public as a teacher (Schwartz 186). Getting Wilber to agree crimson to an interview is not easy. Yet when he does give his time, he gives generously, and to his small circle of remnant friends. Wilber is known as a devoted friend who can be warm, charming, and funny (Schwartz 204).Wilbers first marriage to his better(p) friend Amy Wagner in 1972 lasted for ennead years, after which they developed slipway amicably. Two years later Wilber met and get married Treya Killam. One week after the wedding, she was diagnosed with breast cancer. The next five years were spent battling a relentless cancer that in timetually claimed her life. During those five years Wilber particularize aside most of his writing and devoted himself full-time to nurturing Treya and, eventually, to component her to die. Grace and Grit (1991), which appeared two years after her death, provides a woful account of the emotional and spiritual struggles and transformations in both Wilber and Treya during those trying years.The long hiatus in Wilbers writing ended in 1995 with the publication of the first volume of a planned three-volum e series, Sex, Ecology, and Spirituality The Spirit of Evolution (SES) (1995b). This 800 page volume was soon followed by two shorter companion works, A die hard to Sex, Ecology, Spirituality (1995a) and A Brief History of Everything (1996). A new chapter had just begun in Wilbers writing career. Up to this point, the emphasis had been largely on the upwardly action of evolution, but in SES the upward movement is balanced by the movement downward Spirit ascending to high unities is at the homogeneous time Spirit descending to embrace and integrate the manifold of phenomena. By Wilbers own estimation SES is his first mature work. It offers an integral good deal that encompasses very much everything humans have ever sought to know or be.Wilbers IdeasTranspersonal TheoryKen Wilber has been the most influential theorist in transpersonal psychology. Wilbers developmental model in The Atman Project has the advantage of meshing with developmental psychology and extending it to trans personal growth. Wilber guesss that people move through three life stages pre-personal, personal, and transpersonal growth. The pre-personal stage begins at birth, before a personality is developed.From birth to adolescence the task is to build a personality. In the personal stage the individuals task is to use the personality in work, relationships, and mature life in the world. In the transpersonal stage, usually beginning in adult life, the person begins to move beyond the away world and explore the inner reaches of the self and spiritual realities. The ultimate purpose is to attain the state of oneness or unity with the consciousness of the man. Wilber contends that the growth toward these levels of being is a natural movement of the self, an inward arc in contrast to the outward arc that relates to the external world.The Spectrum of DevelopmentDevelopment, for Wilber, extends from inanimate matter and primary life forms through the developmental stages of human consciousnes s to its farthest reaches as manifested by the mystics and sages of various Eastern and Western spiritual traditions. The stages leading to mature adulthood are familiar enough. They have been charted by theorists such as Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohlberg, and various psychoanalysts. Wilber draws especially from Piaget for the un-foldment of the cognitive and mental capacities and integrates these with the dynamic theories of object-relations psychoanalysis.Wilber identifies four transpersonal stages beyond mature adulthood psychic, subtle, causal, and ultimate. by means of these stages the sense of self or individuality becomes to a greater extent and more tractile and inclusive as self-centrism or narcissism continues to decrease, until at the highest stages of transpersonal development even the subtlest and most inclusive self-structurations are transcended in a sense of identity and connectedness that embraces all.At each stage things can go wrong, and so there is a spectrum of pathology corresponding to the spectrum of development all the way up to the highest transpersonal stages. Wilber discusses sermon modalities for each pathology and calls attention to the importance of correctly discerning levels of pathology for example pre-personal or transpersonal so that appropriate treatment can be chosen. For example, he argues that supposition may not be suitable for borderline and other pre-personal pathologies, whereas for an existential depression or dark night of the soul that may conk in the lower transpersonal stages meditation may be a flourishing method of treatment.The charting of transpersonal development is undoubtedly Wilbers most controversial project. It implies that human development is open ended and that some individuals are farther along in development than other people, or that at any given time some people, and perhaps some cultures, have a more embrace sense of self and a greater capacity for integrating the spectrum of consciousness than others. A number of cultural anthropologists, feminists, and ecophilosophers have criticized Wilbers theory in this regard. Certainly, the idea of development beyond the average well-adjusted is not new it was famous in Maslows notion of the self-actualizer. But in proposing developmental stages beyond self-actualization, Wilber is venturing into ever more rarified realms of human experience where the stakes are set high yet evidence is hard to come by.Nevertheless, it seems fair to say that Wilbers transpersonal stages have opened up the horizon far beyond anything c onceived in Western scientific psychology. This horizon had been there all along, of course, and through the centuries it was explored by the mystics and seers whose anecdotal accounts, couched in religious symbolism and interpretations, only helped to shroud it in impenetrable mystery. For consciousness researchers, Wilber offers a greatly expanded paradigm of scientific inquiry. For those on a sp iritual quest, he provides a map for the road.The trey Eyes of KnowingThe paradigm of consciousness research has been too narrowly sculptured after the empirical sciences, argues Wilber. It can be significantly expanded once we realize that the midriff of flesh, that is, our senses aided by laboratory instruments, is just one of the possible ways in which knowledge is gathered. We also have the mettle of reason that understands the kernel of text, cultural symbols, and mathematical equations as well as the meaning of the data the affection of flesh observes. Beyond reason, says Wilber, there is the eye of contemplation that intuits directly the nature of reality and of the meanings deciphered by the eye of reason.The Pre/Trans FallacyAnother important concept of Wilbers that helps clear up misunderstandings regarding the transpersonal domain is what he calls the pre/trans fallacy. This is the ruin to distinguish between primitive phenomena of early developmental stages, on th e one hand, and cortical potentials and experiences that transcend the egoic mode of rational consciousness, on the other. Both fonts of phenomena are, in their own ways, nonrational and nonegoic, and this is why they can appear similar or even identical. But phenomena of the first type are prerational or preegoic, whereas phenomena of the second type are transrational or transegoic.The pre/trans fallacy can occur in two ways. In the first, trans is reduced to pre. Freuds interpretation of the oceanic feeling associated with mystical experience as an irrational, regressive urge to return to the womb is a stainless example of such a reduction. In general, the dismissal of all spiritual insights as regressive exemplifies the reductionist form of the pre/trans fallacy. In the second form of the fallacy, pre is elevated to trans. The elevationist form of the pre/trans fallacy is evident in the various ways in which prerational experience and modes of expression are promoted in the na me of higher personal growth.Wilbers discussion of the pre/trans fallacy may well be one of his most useful practical contributions to the growing numbers of people search for a spiritual path or engaging in some form of contemplative practice (Schwartz 260). Often the spiritual search masks primitive longings rooted in early developmental deprivations. On the other hand, sometimes an apparent psychotic break signals a major spiritual breakthrough. An insight into the pre/trans fallacy helps spiritual questers as well as therapists to be more discerning of the nature of the beast they are dealing with.Holism Restoring Connectedness in the WorldIn his more recent writings, Wilber has articulated his philosophy of holistic theory. To be truly holistic, the vision of a whole moldiness include everything, including itself. But more important, it moldiness integrate and connect all that it embraces. So the issue is not holism versus atomism, but fractured ness versus connectedness. Furt hermore, the solution cannot be a matter of articulating the best and most holistic position, for this still leaves out the person proposing or judge the position. Rather, what is required is a transformation of consciousness within the person, within all of us that shifts the viewpoint from the exterior increasingly to the interior and on to a superior view that is ever more inclusive and connected.Wilber has sounded a powerful call for us to awaken to the evolutionary process taking place within us, within the domain, not in some distant early but right now (Puhakka 152). This evolution is fundamentally open and yeasty and therefore, at every turn, incomplete and uncertain. We live in systems within systems, contexts within contexts, of indefinitely expanding structures of experiences, meanings, and relationships. These systems are constantly sliding and the contexts shifting, says Wilber.The vision of an open universe unfolding and enfolded upwards and downwards without end e ffectively removes all bases for consequence and completeness. For many people, the postmodern quicksand world spells despair and a sense of being lost in the ever-shifting contexts that claim power of determination over meaning and values and render human lives pointless and empty.The absolutizing of context is an unfortunate, even if unintended, legacy of much of postmodern thought. Wilber sees the emphasis on context as being appropriate but not going deep enough We must recognize that the contexts themselves are shifting and evolving, along with everything else. The evolution, we are a part of excludes nothing, not even the contexts that bound our understanding and certifiedness. Evolution is the journey of the universe toward self-awareness, now through human consciousness that is becoming increasingly aware of its own contexts.ConclusionKen Wilber is a controversial figure among the late-twentieth-century thinkers on culture and consciousness. The evolution of consciousness is Wilbers main concern. He finds all of the major sciences, philosophies, and spiritual traditions, both Eastern and Western, relevant to this concern, for they exemplify the process of evolution even as they shed light on it. The light is always partial, however, and how to fit the partial truths together is, for Wilber, the supreme puzzle. A superb synthesizer with ability to absorb and integrate large amounts of information across various disciplines, he sketches the contours of a panoramic vision of evolution as an unfolding of Spirit through matter, life, and mind.Works CitedEngler J. Therapeutic aims in psychotherapy and meditation Developmental stages in the standard of self. Boston Shambhala, 1986.Puhakka K. Restoring connectedness in the Kosmos A healing tale of a deeper order. Humanistic Psychologist, 23 (1995) 373-391.Schwartz T. The full spectrum Common Boundary. Los Angeles Tarcher, 1995.Wilber K. The spectrum of consciousness. Wheaton, IL Quest Books, 1977.Wilber K . The Atman project. Wheaton, IL Quest Books. 1980.Wilber K. No boundary. Boston Shambhala, 1981.Wilber K. Odyssey. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 22(1) (1982) 57-90.Wilber K. A cordial God. New York New Press, 1983.

Examining The Examples Of A Tragic Hero English Literature Essay

A premier illustration of a sadal gunman is throne keep an eye on, from Arthur moth millers, The Crucible.A monitor is easy placed in this manakin of heroes because he has features that define who may be considered such a hero, such as the fact that he is extremely regarded in the community, that he has a sad defect, that he dies and embraces stall with insolence and that he is portrayed as a serviceman being the likes of his readers to which causes a katharsis of emotions in them. Leon Golden writes that the ideal Aristotelean form of tragedya the autumn from felicity to wretchedness, caused by a serious rational mistake, on the portion of a hero who is worthy of regard ( Golden ) . antic makes such mistakes due to his tragical defects, which result in his ruin, but in malice of these defects in his lawsuit, he is extremely regarded within his community. He makes a serious mistake in judgement, realizes that he has made an irreversible error, and while he recogni zes that he moldiness be put to suffocate, maintains his self-respect and trades with his destiny with a step of credence, like a tragic hero is supposed to make. Finally, John has the intrinsic magnate to pull out sympathy and commiseration from his readers which is besides a notable quality of the authoritative tragic hero. John Proctor is hence the quintessential illustration of a tragic hero.A It is app bent early on thatA John ProctorA wasA extremely esteemed within the community, A because heA wasA cal direct toA elevated Parris family toA see howA the Reverend s ailment daughterA was making. The rigorous Puritan members of capital of Oregon besides commended him for hanging the door of the church.A Despite the strength in which the Puritans regarded their faith and the contempt they shared out for those less spiritual than they were, Arthur Miller writes that Proctor, respected and flush feared in Salema ( Miller 20 ) . John ProctorA wasA still considered to be an honest, hardworkingA adult anthropoid and aA God-fearingA Christian, even though he did nt go to church and was non, in any manner, perfect. mob Martine suggests that the ideal supporter of calamity, so, says Aristotle, essential be a adult male like ourselves, one who does non possess righteousness and virtuousness to flawlessness, but whose causa is held in high-esteem by all ( Martine ) . Therefore, Proctor fits the portion of Aristotle s tragic hero definition which claims he must be a well-respected respective(prenominal) within the narrative s chief community ( even if he is non near to being Godhead ) . However, as is the instance for every tragic hero, a tragic defect that John Proctor possesses at last lead to his tragic terminal. One of John Proctor s tragic defects was his unfaithfulness. care Larry Brown believes, Miller created the matter between Proctor and Abigail as a cardinal motivational factor in Proctor s character ( Brown ) . Because of the matter h e pursues with 17 twelvemonth old, Abigail, the remainder of the events that air current to his day of reckoning unfold. Abigail s green-eyed monster of Proctor s married woman, Elizabeth, cause her to get down a commotion in Salem and to impeach people of take parting in witchcraft because she believes if she removes Elizabeth, by impeaching her of being a enchantress she could hold the desirable John Proctor all to herself.A Another defect of Proctor that consequences in his decease is his pride. Martine agrees that for a hero to be considered tragic, the hero must be a extremely moral person who has a tragic defect, a tragic flaw. This defect is frequently hubris-commonly characterized as pridea ( Martine ) . Proctor is delayed in the exculpation of his wickedness because it is of extreme importance to him to keep a unattackable name. Had he owned up to the matter earlier on in the procedure, he could hold shown the tribunal that Abigail had a sensible alibi and the whole ev ents of the Salem enchantress tests could hold been stopped before they even began. Because of John Proctor s serious defect in character and his awful wickedness, he is hanged upon the gallows of Salem for all to see. Not many people accept decease with such purenesss and unity as Proctor does. A Out of self-respect and pride in his household and himself, John Proctor decides to be hanged sooner than lie and falsely confess to hold practiced witchery and incessantly be associated with it. Proctor, in mention to the prevarication that subscribing his confession would be, says Because I quite a little non hold another in my life Because I lie and house myself to prevarications ( Miller Act IV ) . In add-on, he does non desire to bow to the giving over of names of other people in the community, feign that they were enchantresss, to acquire himself off the hook, or in this instance, gallows. The tragic terminal of the childs play comes at the really point where Proctor found his morality and award that he thought he lost ( University of Houston- Clear Lake ) . The pride that led to Proctor s ruin is the same pride that causes him to decease in self-respect, without subscribing to prevarications.John Proctor hides his criminal conversation with Abigail from the tribunal for the interest of toy with, until he must squeal I have made a buzzer of my award I have rung the day of reckoning of my good name. However, as he is pressured to curse falsely that he dealt in witchery, Proctor realizes it is his name in the sense of personal unity, being true to himself, non his repute among others that affairs most of all ( Brown ) .The concluding facet of a tragic hero that John Proctor undoubtedly encompasses is his relat talent, which causes the other characters in the drama and its readers to sympathize with him. Proctor is displayed as a mere human being with defects and battles which in many ways mirror our ain defects and battles. This ingrained temper ament of frailty is Proctor s ain indispensable munificence and demonstrates him to be a adult male merely like ourselves. And since this is so, the confederate katharsis arouses, and purgings, our ain commiseration and fright ( Martine ) . Some of his greatest battles are happening himself and covering with the guilt he spirits for holding an matter, which he finally comes to accept as Martine says John Proctor is heroic because he accepts his guilt and indicts the society that would coerce him to give over his scruples. To make both, he must be self-discovered, self-recognized and ultimately self-accepting ( Martine ) . Proctor is at his tallness of ego consciousness when he realizes how of import it is to keep his unity. Robert Heilman explains that Shakespeare made the tragic hero, a approach pattern capable of self-awareness and self-judgment ( Heilman ) . Just as Miller gave John Proctor the ability to hold self-awareness, William Shakespeare gave his tragic hero es the same ability. Because the readers find themselves similar to Invigilate in that they besides are flawed, they are able to to the full sympathize with him and possess themselves into the emotional convulsion of the narrative. Therefore, when the narrative of John Proctor is read, the reader experiences a katharsis of emotions. They feel fear for him, throughout the tests and when his destiny is being determined. They feel sympathy for him as he approaches his decease, right after he and Elizabeth eventually mend their matrimony. A narrative of a tragic hero tends to strike that consequence on its readers.

‘America’ by Jean Baudrillard

During the morning time of the new age, the States has end littlely transfixed foreigners with its magnificence and grandeur as if everyuring then to come and hold back for its endless possibilities. Even philosophers of arts and sciences as hale as well kn hold personalities in the field of literature describe their the Statesn move as exciting and memorable. They are all captivated by the e avers bulky wide open spaces, communitys husbandry and advances in technology.One of Frances leading philosophers jean Baudrillard, well known for his post advance(a)ism and secret philosophical views on historic and present all the samets was in wish well personal manner captivated by the Statess prominent elements of cultures and advancement. Baudrillard became more encouraged to launch his own travel when he learned of French philosopher Tocquevilles the Statesn journey. And so in the mid-1980s, Baudrillard do his own travelogue and documented his findings in his hand, t he States (1988).This daybook was originally written in French and presented Baudrillards observations of the Statesn culture, advancement in civilization as well as the unwellness of the States it egotism. According to him, what notify be read from this book is only when his observation on his visit and should not be taken bad just now not necessarily for granted. Baudrillard was known for his witty and opposing views which he clearly shown from his other compositions.His commit of metaphor and linguistic style whitethorn not be so greens to everybody but reading his lines solely and understanding his motives will bring you to conclusion that he was solidly an commentator and a critic with extra-ordinary intuition on events (Baudrillard, 1989) Most part of the book talk closely both(prenominal) of the solid grounds he visited as well as his disc all overy of the race, what is within them and how they live in their societies. One can grade his astonishment with the States which he wrote in his most charmed but satirical manner.Part of the book which draw best what America is all about(predicate) was Astral America. On this share, he confuse tongue to that being in America was resembling being in the arena of Utopia where everybody chinkms to be supporting in their blissful society, complete with amenities, turndom and the advantages using the latest technology. The book America besides discusses many significant observations and his analysis which he set up in many sections such as Vanishing Point, New York, Utopia Achieved, The End of US Power and Desert For Ever and Astral America.Astral America described the highest headspring where America already has its lead in innovations, extensive urbanization and great industrialization among other industrialized domains. Although Europe was already enhanced in terms of industrialization during the 1980s , America has continuously been the leader in the aspect of economic advantage. This probably encouraged Baudrillard to travel to America and see deeply for himself the status of a grand res publica that is continually contemptible and upgrading itself to be more secured and independent.Reading Astral America, you could feel Baudrillards awe for Americas vast territory and its advancement in many angles. Its ultramodern populations spread among great cities and lands where everybody lives in glorious days. His description of this nation was of a prosperous country where Disneyland is a place people from all over the human beings expect to visit. Furthermore, he tell that you could find in this nation the perfect combination of enjoyment and fantasy. Everybody do their job with their modern machines and the hire of their technology for entertainment is endless.As he was quoted on following Astral America. The melodic nature of pure circulation.. As against the melancholy of European analyses The exhilaration of smut fungus, the obscenity of obviousnes s, the obviousness of male monarch, the motive of simulationSideration. Star-blasted, horizontally by the car, altitudinally by the plane, electronically by television, geo syntheticly by comeupance, stereolithically by the megalopoloi, transpolitically by the power game, the power museum that American has become for the whole earthly concern (Baudrillard, 1989, p. 27).However, throughout his American travel, Baudrillard do the impression that he was conscious of his status as a European because of the comparison on what he saw. In between the lines, he described Europe as an inescapably old, ethnic, contrived, confined and accustomed with lesser modernization wherein he view America as more than the reality, formed into a vast realization of cultures and colorful depiction of replication from different cultures. such(prenominal) as on the following excerpts Why should I go and decentralise myself in France, in the ethnic and the local, which are merely the shreds and vestiges of centrality?I want to excentre myself, to become eccentric, but I want to do so in a place that is the centre of the realness. And, in this brain, the latest fast-food outlet, the most trite suburb, the blandest of giant American cars or the most insignificant cartoon-strip majorette is more at the centre of the world than any of the cultural manifestations of old Europe (Baudrillard, 1989) and Baudrillard also declared some critical views about America. Here, he said that other Europeans see the grand nation as a land of barbarism. That although it was a great nation full of smell and abound with opportunities, it has also its own disease and flaws.In Astral America, he does not see America as all glory although it is unlike Europe that had its dark historical days on fights. He sees America as a vast desert where culture, politics and gender are in a present of commotion. There is also hunger, internal conflict, discrimination and prejudice. He wrote that America always gives me a feeling of ascetism. Culture, politics and sexuality too are seen only if in terms of the desert, which here assumes the status of a primal guessworkEven the body, by an ensuing center of undernourishment, takes on a ingenuous form, lightness near to complete disappearance.Everything around me suffers this same desertification (Baudrillard, 1989). Even at the rural sides of America, the grandest of homes and the beauty of the landscapes cannot hide the over simplicity that is embracing the flat life of the American people. Thus the Utopian dream cannot be in full reality itself but only a temporary solace from the harshness of the Western life. America after all is not free of fusss but unlike other nations it is undeniably iodine big nation that faces its problem head on. As Baudrillard was quoted on the following On the aromatic hillsides of Santa Barbara, the villas are all like funeral homes.Between the gardenias and the eucalyptus tress, among the profusio n of plant genuses and the sameness of the human species, lies the tragedy of a utopia dream made realityThis is Americas problem and, through America, it has become the whole worlds problem (Baudrillard, 1989), p. 30) But even as Baudrillards depiction of life to the harsh environment of the Americans, he said they can take setbacks squarely. That even in war one can observe their presence of point is always intact. Also he never failed to observe Americas ruler and their influence on their people.Nevertheless, he also took notice of American politics as well as he sees political power in America as a uniting factor which binds people in one great nation. Although he never mentioned of France leaders in America as well as its absence on the section on Astral America, his discussion with Americas leaders did hold still for that there is also a difference between his countrys rulers as well as Americas political leaders. His mentioned of Americas leaders as they influence the who le America in their fight for immunity and justice were aright justified.In Astral America, he wrote some lines on the countrys leaders influence on their people. As he wrote that The smile of immunity, the smile of advertising This country is good. I am good. We are the best. It is also Reagans smile the orgasm of the self-satisfaction of the entire American nation which is on the way to suitable the sole principle of government (Baudrillard, 1989). In terms of advancement, Baudrillards represent Americas perfect expansion of technology with the latest use of transportation and communication.Cities were alive with people and modern structures. All kinds of recreations and sports are there recognizing it as the power museum of the world. He even asks himself why he should lie in France and be with the shadow of France when he can even hang-up in America and do what the Americans do. But comes here comes Baurillards set observation. He theorized that America could just be a dream or a reality. He said that although he considers this country much like Utopia where everything may be in realistic and in unrealistic state he only see its population as if living in simulation.They can be the model of lesser nations and fancyl veridical of the modern world but they also have flaws and infirmities. He further discusses that America was like a giant hologram as if all nurture is contained in one whole element and holds everything in place. For ex antiophthalmic factorle, every state from every direction offered the same services as he delightfully stated America is neither dream nor reality. It is a hyperreality. It is a hyperreality because it is a utopia which has behaved from the very beginning as though it were already achieved.Everything here is real and pragmatic, and yet it is all the stuff of dreams, tooThe Americans, for their part, have no sense of simulation. They are themselves the simulation(Baudrillard, 1989). The book America also talks abou t the hostility of the Wild West, the dazzling sound of the jazz, the trifling and morbid deserts of the South-West, the neon lights of the motels and gang warfare in New York City. He also sees America as a vast empty space with unwarranted and mixed-cultured people populating the cities.In short, he sees America as an advance nation actual with all its special effects but taking a deeper look inside its system is a hollow society living in an artificial world. During his class film lectures, he always discusses about the Vietnam struggle in the 1960s. He claimed that in reality, America did not win the war on the ground but only paralyzed the small Asiatic country. Although the US was always portrayed as victorious such as on popular movies like The Apocalypse Now and Platoon, accordingly these films did not significantly depicted reality but were made only for entertainment with the use of modern cinematography.From the French journal Liberation, Baudrillard stated that the 1991 Gulf warfare did not actually take place. That everything people have seen on TV was only hyperreal images created and manipulated by no less than the newest technology on cinematography. That America has only made a perfect visual art that artificially portrayed realism to achieve a dramatic and realistic effect but actually did not presented the real photographic representation of what is commode the event.Throughout the 1990s, almost all of Baudrillards work focus on hyperreality motif of the postmodern culture and yet his writings are sometimes break and aphoristic. To simply said, his works expresses his own opinion or even the world(a) truth but not necessarily the reality itself. On the twentieth of November 2005, Deborah Solomon of the New York Times Magazine interviewed the French philosopher regarding some background and intuitive feeling of the archetype French savvyual. Solomon wants to dig deeper to tell apart what is behind the mans quality as a journalis t and a philosopher.From the interview, Baudrillard always reply with alertness and proudly discussed his philosophical views on life, the realities of war, and the attitude of man toward logical thinking and impartial reasoning. Although the interview leads to a seemingly ridiculous wonder such as how he believes that the US invasion of Iraq was to spread freedom and not war, Baudrillard answered his most rhetoric answer. He stated that What we want is to put the rest of the world on the same level of masquerade and mimicry that we are on, to put the rest of the world into simulation, so all the world becomes total artifice and then we are all-powerful.Its a game (cited by Parker, 2005). This led to Solomons conclusion that Baudrillards ideas although are unfathomable at first glance, they are however most fascinating and compelling. That this man who uses his intellect to surmise and analyzed things in his most amusing and bewildered manner was a serious man. He publicly use s words like hyperreal and transistorise to commonly describe on what he believes in. Baudrillard writes with a kind of unbeatable electric lyricism that is fast-paced but transparent. He diced his statements with jargon and sometimes uses technological idiom that provides his prose a metaphorical suppleness.His accounts which he diligently introduced in his book America were put through most depictive and striking description while identifying the facets of the modern American life. Of New York for ex deoxyadenosine monophosphatele, he wrote that It is a world completely rotten with wealth, power, senility, indifference, puritanism, and mental hygiene, poverty and waste, technological futility and aimless violence, and yet I cannot help but feel it has about it something of the dawning of the universe (Parker, 2005). His great influence on literature can also be seen on the blockbuster movie The Matrix.Filmmakers Andy and Larry Wachowski picked the idea when they discover of Baud rillards book Simulacra and Simulation. Although Baudrillard do not like the idea that his work would be represented in a film that is not real, he said that the scheme of using his work was not properly advised and called for. Some people consider his works as honest literature that are ever intriguing while they cross the borders of normal criticisms. Mr. Baudrillard tackled different subjects ranging from race and gender, art and literature, to the present day trauma such as the September 11 terrorism.Although his comments are openly misquoted and misunderstood they wholly sparked controversy. Nevertheless he was clearly known as more than an percipient with alarming analytical mind and always authoritative with his own subliminal eccentricity. The editor for Lire literary magazine Francois Busnel said of Mr. Baudrillard that he was unique in his own ways because he is very independent in his ideas and does not take sides. Considered as a postmodern guru of our time, his obs ervation and analysis of nowadayss society emanate from his own distinction to shape in with any theoretical category.Wearing thick glasses, his look emanates a warm reputation although many know him for his black humor and witty aphorisms. He was always quoted for his postulation of todays world where everyone lived in his untrue world that the real thing has vanished and everything was replaced with artificial feelings and situations. As a proof that things were getting unreal in our world were the establishment of shopping malls, amusement parks, sensationalized TV programs and news programs. Television shows and films are only animated by no less than actors devoid of authenticity and flirt withing.He always advises the media that the pursue for reality cannot be truly accomplished because the world today abounds with illusions. His interview in 2005 by no less than The New York Times was all about his beliefs on todays values and the need for freedom. Baudrillard was quote d that all of mans values are simulated and that freedom was the most abused of all the given privileges. That anybody have a choice between procureing material things because it is a simulation of freedom. He also criticized the practice of the consumers in which they buy material things out of necessity but of the status and label on the product.Again, as we refer in his travelogue Astral America which he originally wrote in 1986, he was remembered writing that America has all the simulated freedom in purchasing and having things that is not really necessary. For him, Americas advantage in terms of product availability is the original reading material of modernity as the French were just a copy with subtitles. He could be implying that although America having to exist in complete state of unreality was still adored and looked upon by no less than another great nation as France.Although he was always aloof and shunned media most of the time, his articles can frequently be found on newspapers in Paris. The Spirit of terrorism And Requiem for the Twin Towers was one of his recognized writings which he made in dedication of the 9/11 attack. He argued that through creating self reality, the Islamic fundamentalists have made their own simulation that the West would constantly be their targets for terrorism. Baudrillard was oftentimes branded as obscure, indifferent and reversely opinionated because he was unlike other postmodernists as he always disagrees with simple reasoning.Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, both author and publisher of the 1998 book Fashionable bunk bed Postmodern Intellectuals Abuse of Science also have something to say on Baudrillards attitude and comments. They said that, if the texts seem incomprehensible, it is for the excellent reason that they mean precisely nothing (Cohen, 2007). But the French critic does not give a damn on such acid remark. He said that, what Im going to write will have less and less chance of being understood but tha ts my problem (Cohen, 2007),On March 6 this year Jean Baurillard died in Paris of foresighted time illness at the age of 77. The internationally celebrated and prestigious French intellectual who achieved world fame for his rhetoric that is always incomprehensible by the simplest of mind and the author of more than 50 books left a vacant space in the midst of a denser and over-apocalyptic mesh of misunderstood scenarios. A legend of his own kind, he will never be forgotten by those who believe in his underlying principles and unusual philosophical views (Cohen, 2007).Jean Baudrillard may not be so popular to many because of his indifference to the common postmodernist literary figures. But upsetting common analysis of a situation through independent reasoning and protracted logic fair separated him from the ordinary that are overused and boring. We may never see one like him in our modern age but somebody ability dare to be different in reasoning just like him and might also pro vide us a more in-depth perception of things and events.His book America provides us the view on how an intellectual disposition like Jean Baurillard sees America from different perspective. In Astral America he introduced us more with a deeper understanding on how a European see America as a modern world but full of artificial elements that produces artificial excitement. Although his intention in writing this travelogue was only to write about a simple travelling experience, many considered this literature as his way to present America to the people in Europe what in reality America is.References Baudrillard, J. (1989). America Verso. Book. http//books. google. com/books? id=73CCg_I_rKsC&pg=PA27&dq=Jean+Baudrillard+Astral+America&sig=RRWmj6kYLk-pDpemPyPahbeMouk Cohen, P. (2007, March 7, 2007). Jean Baudrillard, 77, Critic and Theorist of Hyperreality, Dies The New York Times from http//www. nytimes. com/2007/03/07/books/07baudrillard. html? _r=1&oref=slogin Parker, H . (2005). Old Europe, Astral America On Jean Baudrillard, Nassau Weekly. Magazine. http//www. nassauweekly. com/view_article. php? id=408.